
Exz\ 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




0D017Tfi0ifiA 



LIBRARY OF COi^GRESS. 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



• a 



\^ 



THE 

DECLARATiOS OF IIDEI'ENDENCE 



Constitution of thi: United States 

IN 

IJ\r PARALLEL COLUMNS 



TllANSLATED BY 



A. H. LAIDLAW, Jk. 



NOTES AND APPENDIX, POLITICAL AND HISTORICAL 



FRENCH AND GERMAN 



KEVISED BY 



PROFESSORS HELLMRICH, SCHOEDER AND FEZANDIE 



PUBLISHED BY 

LAIDLAW BROTHERS AND COMPANY 

137 W. 41 ST Street, New York. 




COI'YKIGUT, 188S, BV 

LAIDLAW BROS. A- CO. 



^V 



TROWS 
rniHTIhO AND eOOKBINDINO COMP< 
hew YORK. 



5)eMcateO 

TO THE MEMOIIY OF 

BENJAMIN FEANKLIN, 

THE CREATOR OP A NATION, TO WHOSE 

PROPHETIC MIND WAS FIRST REVEALED THE 

ADVANTAGES OF POLITICALLY UNITING ALL THE AMERICAN 

COLONIES OF ENGLAND, AND WHO, FOR THIRTY YEARS BEFORE THE WAR 

OF THE REVOLUTION COMMENCED, ADVOCATED A PRACTICAL 

UNION OF THE STATES IN ORDER TO PROVIDE FOR 

THE COMMON DEFENCE AND TO PROMOTE 

THE GENERAL AVELFARE OF 

HIS COUNTRYMEN. 



NOTE. 



The changes in spelling made, in 1880, by the Prussian Minister of Educa- 
tion, have been adopted in the German portion of this work. 

The letter Ji. is omitted from the words formerly spelled ncUliig, nothwendig, 
Theil, Vertheidiguug, Grossmuth, Eath, Werth, Atliem, Fiuth, Rathsel, Koth, etc., 
and their derivatives. 

Tlie letter rhas been inserted in those words which, for a time, were spelled 
without it ; as "disciplinieren," " garantieren," etc. 

The modified vowels, whether used as capitals or as small letters, must have 
the "Umlaut" over them ; as Ae should be written A ; Oe should be written 0, 
etc. 



The language in the French portion, with one exception, is that authorized * 
by the French Academj-, in 1877. The word " k'giforer " in clause 13, page 20, 
has grown into accepted use within the past few years, but can be found in no 
dictionary at present e.\tant. 



In order to obtain a thorough understanding of the changes recentl}- accom- 
plished in the forms of German words, the student is referred to the Appendix of 
Cassell's German-English and English-German Dictionary of 1888, and also to 
" Regeln und WOrterverzeichnis fiir die deutsche Kechtschreibung zum Gebrauch 
in deu preussischen JSchulen." Weidmannsche Buchhaudlung, Berlin. 



PREFACE. 



But few words of exphination will be necessary wliile presenting to the 
American people, in the English, French and German langnages, the Con- 
stitntion of the United States and the Declaration of Independence. They 
were composed in idiomatic English by the greatest and ripest American 
brains of the last century. The author has attempted to render them into 
the French and German of to-day. He has attempted to produce a superior 
work to place in the hands of Americans, Gernjans and Frenchmen, so tliat 
each may be helped to master the every-day language of the others. The 
book is intended to l)e used in schools, in families and by the solitary student. 
The whole of the French and German translation has been revised by Profes- 
sors Hellmricli, Fezandie and Schoeder, each a recognized master of his native 
tongue. 

In tlie German part of this work the old black letter has been discarded, 
and the Roman letter employed. In Germany the tendency to do the same is 
growing from year to year. For the sake of Continental, literal uniformity, 
and for the salvation of the eyesight of all readers of German, we hope the 
day is not distant when both the present German script and the picturesque 
black letter will be universally superseded by the more facile and graceful 
Italian. 

Many political and historical facts are given in the column for Notes, 
and some spaces are left to be filled at pleasure by the student with gram 



PREFACE. 

iiiutical facts and appropriate clippings from magazines and newspapers. 
Ulank pages at the end of tlic })rinted matter are snpplied for more extended 
additions to tlie work. 

If American citizens and youth liad some special incentive to study the 
I )eclaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States, these 
great Cliarters of Liberty would be more imiversally studied than at present. 
It is hoped that the acquisition of other languages will supply that incentive, 
;md that the day will soon be past when Congressmen and Legislators can 
be found who have never seriously read these nnich-applauded masterpieces 
of their country. 

Throughout the civilized world, in the field of history, the Constitution of 
the I nited States is recognized as the most consummate political flower of all 
the ages. As a structure of statesmanship, it is the simplest and the richest 
temple ever built by man. As a treasury of political Truth, it more nearly 
approximates a revelation from on higli than any other human composition, 
l-'inished by our fathers, nailed by their heroic hands upon the forehead of 
tlying Time, cemented by the blood of battles, alike impregnable against tlie 
courage or the craft of the mighty or tlie mean, it is the proper Ark of 
the Covenant of a chosen people which has the promise and the potency 
of assuming the position of the most free, the most prosperous, the most 
happy and the most enlightened of the nations of the earth. 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

*rHE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 12 

NOTES— Colonial Governments, 13 

The Continental Congress, ........... 15 

Articles of Confederation, ........... 15 

Tlie Various Forms of United States Government, ....... 17 

Constitutional and State Conventions. The beginning of Constitutional Govern- 
ment, .............. 19 

THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, 28 

PREAMBLE, 28 

ARTICLE I. 
LEC4ISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 

Section- I. — Congress hi f/eneral^ 28 

Section II. — House of Representatives, 28 

Clause 1. Organization of the House, 28. Clause 2. Qualifications of Representatives, 
80. ClaiTse 3. Apportionment of Representatives, 30. Clause 4. Vacancies, 30. 
Clause 5. Officers, and power of Impeachments, 30. 

Section III.- Senate, 32 

Clause 1. Organization of Senate, 32. Clause 2. Classification and Vacancies, 32. Clause 
3. Qualifications, 32. Clause 4. Presiding Officers, 32. Clause 5. Other Officers, 32. 
Clause 6. Trial of Impeachments, 34. Clause 7. Judgment in Impeachments, 34. 

Section IV. — Both Houses 34 

Clause 1. Election of Members, 34. Clause 2. Meeting of Congress, 34. 



8 CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

SKCTioaW. — TJie ITousea sepnniteli/, M 

Clause 1. Contested Seats, Quornm, Powers of a Minority, :}4. Clause 2. Rules of Pro- 
ceeding, etc., 30. Clause 3. Journal, Yeas and Nays, 36. Clause 4. Power of Ad- 
journment, 30. 

Skction VI. — Privikges and Dmihilities of yfemhers, 30 

Clause 1. Compensation of Members, Freedom from Arrest, Freedom of Speech, 30. 
Clause 3. Disqualifications of Members, 38. 

SiX'TioN VII. — ^fo(k of Piimng Lair», 38 

Clause 1. Revenue Bills, 38. Clause 2. The President's Veto, Second Passage of a Bill, 
38. Clause 3. Other Resolutions besides Bills, 40. 

Skction VIII. — Poirers f/TiOiicd to Congress, 4(i 

Clause 1. Laying Taxes, 40. Clause 2. Borrowing Money. 40. Clause 3. Regulating 
Commerce, 40. Clause 4. Naturalization and Bankruptcy, 40. Clause 5. Coinage, 
Weights and Measures. 42. Clause 0. Punishment of Counterfeiting, 42. Clause 7. 
Post Office, 42. Clause 8. Copyrights and Patent Rights, 42. Clause 9. District Courts, 
42. Clause 10. Piracy, 42. Clause 11. Declaration of War, 42. Clause 12. The 
Array, 42. Clause 13. Tlie Navy, 42. Clause 14. Rules for Army and Navy, 42. 
Chai'se 15. The Militia, 42. Clause 16. Organization of Militia, 44. Clause 17. Seat 
of tiovernment. Dockyards, etc., 44. Clause 18. General Power, 44. 

Section IX. —Poirers denml to the United States, 44 

Clause 1. Importation of Slaves. 44. Clause 2. Writs of Jlobeas Corpus, 44. Clause 3. 
Bills of Attainder, <'.{•;;<>,<(!' /((c^^ laws, 46. Clause 4. Direct Taxes, 40. Clause 5. Ex- 
port Duties, 40. Clause 0. Forbidden Commercial Regulations, 40. Clause 7. The 
Treasury, 40. Clause 8. Titles of Nobility, etc., 40. 

Si:cTi«)N X. — Poicers denied to the States, 40 

Clause 1. Treaties, Coinage, etc.. 46. Clause 2. Duties, 48. Clause 3. Army, Navy, 
etc., 48. 

ARTICLE IT. 

EXECUTIVE DKPAIlTMENT. 

Skction I. — Prrsitknt and Vice-President, 48 

Clause 1. Term of Service, etc., 48. Clause 2. Presidential Electors, 48. Clause 3. Mode 
of Choosing President and Vice-President, 50 ; Amendment. Article XII., 52. 
Clause 4. Time of choosing Electors, 54. Clause 5. Qualifications for the Presi- 
dency, 54. Clause 6. Vacancy in Presidency, 56. Clause 7. Compensation of the 
President, 56. Clause 8. Oath of Office, 56. 

Section II. — Poirers of the Pnsident, ........... 5(5 

Clause 1. Commander-in-Chief, Pardoniiig Power, etc., 50. Cl.iuse 2. Treaties, Aj)point- 
ment of Officers, etc., 58. Clause 3. Power to fill Vacancies, 58. 

Section III. — Duties of the President, 58 

Messages to Congress, Extra Sessions, Adjournment, etc., 58. 

Section IV. — Impenehment of the President, etc., 0(. 

The Officers liable to Impeachment, 60. 



CONTENTS. 9 

ARTICLE III. 

JUDICIAL GOVERNMENT. PAGE 

Section I. — United States Courts, GO 

Supreme Courts, District Courts, Tenure of Office, 60. 
Section II. — Junsdiction of the United States Courts, GO 

Clause 1. Extent of Jurisdiction, 60. Clause 2. Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, 63. 
Clause 3. Mode and Place of Trial, 62. 

Section III. — Treason, G2 

Clause 1. Definition of Treason, 62. Clause 2. Proof of Treason, 62. Clause 3. Pun- 
ishment of Treason, 62. 

ARTICLE IV. 
general provisions. 

Section I. — State Records, 64 

Credit of State Records, 64. 

Section II. — Pririleges of Citizens, etc., 64 

Clause 1. Rights of Citizenship, 64. Clause 2. Restoration of Criminals, 64. Clause 3. 
Restoration of Slaves, 64. 

Section III. — New States and Territoi-ies, G4 

Clause 1. Admission of New States, 64. Clause 2. Government of Territories, 64. 

Section IV. — Guarantee to the States, 66 

Guarantee of Republican Government, Protection against Invasion, etc., 66. 

ARTICLE V. 

POWER OP AMENDMENT, 

Necessity of such a Power, Mode of Making Amendments, Limitation to the Power of 
Amendment, 66. 

ARTICLE VI. 

MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 

Clause 1. Assumption by the United States of the Debts of the Confederation, 68. 
Clause 2. Supremacy of the Constitution, Laws and Treaties of the United States, 
68. Clause 3. Oath of Office, Religious Tests, 68. 

ARTICLE VII. 

RATIFICATION OP THE CONSTlTtfTlON. 

Mode of Ratifying the Constitution, 68. 



10 



CONTENTS. 



AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION, 

Aktici.e I. — Freedom of Religion , etc 

Fieedom of Religion, of Speecli, and of the Press, 70. 
AuTiCLK II. — Rifjltt 1o hear Arms, 

Riglit to bear Arms, 7(5. 
Article III. — Qiiartering Soldiers on Citizens, 
Akticlk l\ .—Sedreh Wurrtxnts, 

The Riglit to be Free from Unreasonable Searches. 7(5. 
Autici-e V. — Trial for Crimes, etc., .... 

The Grand Jury, Mode of making Indictments, Courts-martial 
Article VI. — Rights of Accvsed Persons, 

Right of Trial by Jury, etc., 78. 
Article VII. — Suits at Common Law, .... 

Right of Trial by Jury in Civil Suits, 78. 
Article VIII. — Krcessire Bait, 

Origin of this Article. 81. 
Articles IX. andX. , 

Mode of Construing the Constitution, 80. 
Article XI., 



Euforcinsf Powvr of 



Limitation of Judicial Power, 80. 

Article XII., 

Mode of Electing President and Vice-President. r)2. 

Article XIII. , 

Section 1. Slavery and Involuntary Servitude, 80. Section 2. 
Congress, 80. 

Article XIV., 

Section 1. Equal Privileges and Rights of the Citizens of tl 
Section 2. Denial of Right to Vote entailing Reduced Repi 
tion .3. Disabilities of Rebels. 82. Section 4. Public Debts, Valid and Void. 84. 
Section 5. Enforcing Power of Congress, 84. 

Article XV., 

Section 1. Rights of the Citizens to Vote, 84. Section 2. Enforcing Power of Con- 
gress, 84. 



e United States, 80. 
esentation, 82. Sec- 



PAOI 

71 i 
7(i 

7f5 

76 
7(i 

78 

78 

78 

80 

80 

80 

52 

80 

80 

84 



APPENDIX, 8(5 

Table A.— Rank and Representation of the United States 8(5 

T.vble B. — Qualifications of President, Vice-President, Senator and Representative. . 80 

Tahle C— List of the Presidents, 86 

Table D.— Historical Table of United States and Territories, 87 

Table E.— Abolition of Slavery, 87 

Notes, 89 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



LA DECLARATION DINDEPENDANCE. declaration of 

INDEPENDENCE. 

DECLARATION DES REPUi:;SENTANTS DES >:TATS-UNIS 

PAMtlUQUE. ASSEMBLES EN CONURi:S. * nECLAUATION BY THE UEPKESENTA 

TIVES OF THE t'NITKD STATES OF 
AMEKICA, IN CONGKESS ASbEMBJ.EU. 



FKKNCII. ENGLISH, 

LoRSQUE, dans le cours des evenements humains, When, in the couri=e of human 

il devient iiccessaire pour nn ])enple de rompi-e ^^e"<^' '* becomes necessary for 

,. .... • 11 ,, 1 • , ' . . one people to dissolve the political 

les liens politinnes qui 1 attacliaient a un autre, et , , , . , , ♦ i .i „, 

1 1 ^ ' bands which have connected them 

de prendre, parnii les puissances de la terre, la with another, and to assume, amonc 

position scparee et egale a laquelle Ini donnent the powers of the earth, the sepa- 

droit les lois de la nature et du Dieu de la natui-e, ^''^^^ '""^ ^i"^^ ^t'^^'"" ^" ^'''"^'^ "'*' 

1, . . 1 1 . laws of nature and of nature's God 

un lUste res])ect pour ropinion du ^enre liumam ,.,, ,, , ^ » . » ♦ 

•• ' ' . , entitle them, a decent respect to 

I'obligO a declarer les causes qui le pOUSSent a cette the opinions of mankind requires 

separation. that they should declare the causes 

which impel theui to the separa- 
tion. 

Nous tenons ces to rites pour evidentes— que ^y^ ,,^i,^ t,^„^^, t,,,,!., ^^ i,„ g^.,f. 

tons les homines SOnt crees Ogaux ; qu'ils SOnt evident— that all men are created 

doues par leur ('reateur de certains droits in- equal -, that they are endowed by 

alienables; que parnn CeUX-ci SOnt la vie, la their Creator with certain inalien- 

, ^ ' . Ill /-v able rights; that among these are 

]il)erte ct la poui-suitc du bonlieur. Que, pour j.^^^ y^^^^^^.^ ^„,j t,,^, j,„,,„5j ^f 

as-surer ces droits, des gouvernenients sont insti- happiness. That, to secure these 

tUCS parini les homines, tirant Icurs legitimes rights, governments are instituted 

ponvoirs du coi.sentement des gonverncs ; quo, •'^"^«"'? "'*•"' •^•^'•^'"^ "^«''' Jf * 

' !(•.,(• i» 1 powers from the consent ot the 

toutes les foiS qu une tonne quelconque de gOU- g„verued ; that, whenever any form 

verneinent devient destiuctive de ces fins, c'est le of government becomes dostructiv.' 

droit du pcuple de la changer ou de Tabolir, et of these ends, it is the right of tiu- 



DIE UNABHANGIGKEITSERKLARUNG. notes. 



EINE ERKLArUXG DER IM CONGRESS VERSAMMELTEN VER- 
TRETER DER VEKEIXiaXEN STAATEN VON AMERIKA. 



HISTORICAL, POLITICAL AND GRAM- 
MATICAL. 



N.B. — The vacant spaces in this column 
can he filled with neicsijaper clippings 
GERMAN. **"'' miscellaneous notes by the stndtnt. 

Wenn es im Laufe der Ereignisse eiiiem Volke prior to the Revolution iu the 

liotig ersclieillt, die politischeu Bande, welclie CS British colonies, which afterwards 

l.isher init eineni anderen verkniipft liabeu, zu constituted the United States of 

T-r-iiT 11 America, there existed three forms 

loseu und niltei- den Macliteil der Erde die selbst- ^^ ^^^^^^.^^ government, Provincial 

Stiindige und gleiclliS Stellnng einzuiielunen, zu or Royal, Charter and Proprietary. 

welclier es durch die Gesetze der Natur uud Provincial or Royal governments 

Gottes berechtigt ist, so verlangt die gebiihrende ^^''^ ^^^"^^ ""*i*^^- ^^e immediate 
. , T T«r • 1 iir-. 1 1 control of the sovereign of Great 

.\clitungvorderMeinungderMitniensclien,dass ^^.^^.^^ ^^^ Hampshire, New 

es die Griinde augiebt, welche es zu dieser Tl-en- York. New Jersey, Virginia, North 
nnug veranlasst habeu. Carolina, South Carolina and Geor- 

gia were under Provincial govern- 

n ir lialteu die tolgeuden Grundsatze liir un- ^j^g^^^g 

Umstosslicll — daSS alle Meuschen gleicll geboreu charter governments were those 
sind ; dass sie VOni Schopfer Ulit gewissen UU- under the immediate control of 

verausserlicben Rechten ausi^estattet sind und dass ^i^^ sovereign, but having political 

^ ., . o^ 1 ^ /■^^■^^ rights secured by charter. Massa- 

Leben, Fi-eilieit und das btreben nacli Gluck zu ^^^^^^.tts, Connecticut, and Rhode 

diesen Recllten ge]u')ren ; dass, UUl diese Kecllte island were under Charter govern- 

zu sichern, die Yolker Regierungen eingesetzt ments. 

haben, welcbe ihl-e IMacbt von der Zustiunnung Proprietary governments were 

, _ . , , , , 111"' those under the immediate con- 

der Regierten erhalten ; dass, wenn irgend welche ^^.^^ ^^ p,oprietaries, who received 

llandlnngen der liegiernng dieso Grundsatze grants in letters patent from the sov- 
schadigen, es das llecllt der Yolker ist, dieselbe ereign. Pennsylvania, Delaware 



14 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

FRENCH. ENGLISH. 

<riustituer im iiouvoau gonveriieTuent, qui eta- people to .iiter or abolish it, ami to 

blisse ses fondatioiis .^iir cles priiicii)es,et organise |"«titute a new government, laying 

,. • 1 1 , its foundations on such principles, 

t;es pouvoirs SOUS line rornie qui seiiiblent an pen- , ■ ■ -, • , 

r 1 r and organizing its powers m sucli 

])le les plus propres a assurer sa seeurito et son form, as to them shall seem most 

bonlieur. La prudence, il est vrai, defend de likely to effect their safety and 

clianger des gouvenienients longtemps etablis I'^ppiness. Trudence, indeed, will 

J 1' ' i. i •- • . dictate that governments long es- 

ponr aes causes legeres et transitoires; et, en ,,,.,,, ,, , , , , 

' ^^ ' ' tablished should not be changed 

consequence, toutes les experiences out deniontre for light and transient causes ; and, 

que le genre luiniain est plus dispose a SOufifrir, accordingly, all experience l»ath 

taut que les niaux sont sup])oi'tables, que do les ^^^o^^" *'^'^^ mankind are more dis- 

,^^1.^ IT 1. \ £ n •! posed to sufifer, wliile evils are suf- 

reclresser en abolissant les tonnes auxouelles il ,.,,,, \ . , . ., 

- lerable, than to right themselves 

est accoutunie. Mais, (juand line longue suite x,y abolishing the forms to which 

(Tabus et d'usui'pations visant toujcjurs an nieine tliey are accustomed. But wlien a 

but, niontre le dessein de soumettre les liommes '^"g t'"^'" ^^ abuses and usurpa- 

• ,,. 1^ i.' „ 1 1 •! i. 1 1 -i. -1 i. 1 tions, pursuing invariably the same 

a un despotisinc absolu, lis out le droit, lis ont le , . ' * . ^ , . 

. object, evinces a design to reduce 

devoir de rcnverser un pared gouvernement, etde tjiem under absolute despotism, it 

(Oiercherde nouvelles sauvegardes pour leur future is their right, it is their duty, to 

securite. Telle a ete la soufFrance, patieninicnt tl»>ow off such government, and t.. 

supportee, de ces colonies, et telle est niaintenant P'^-ide new guards for their future 

,,.,.,, , , security. Si;ch has been the i)atieiit 

la necessite qui les force a changer lenrs systeines sufferance of these colonies, and 

anterieurs de gouvernement. L'liistoire du roi such is now the necessity whi.h 

actuel de la Grande-Bretagne est line liistoire de constrains tliem to alter their for- 

torts repetes et d'usurpations, avant tons pour '««r systems of government. The 

. . , ,. ^ 1,/ , 1- 1, ' . history of the present king of Great 

objet direct 1 etablissenient dune tyrannie ab- Britain is a history of repeated in- 

solue SUr ces EtatS. En preuve de ceci, SOninet- juries and usurpations, all having 

tons les faits a la sincere appreciation du genre "* direct object the establishment 

huinain "^ *" absolute tyranny over these 

States. To prove thi.s, let facts be 
submitted to a candid world. 

1. TI a refuse son as.-<entinient aux lois los plus i. Ho has refused his assent to 

salutaires et les plus liecessaires an bien public. laws the most wholesome and nec- 
essary for the j>ublic good. 

± II a defendu a .ses gonverneiirs de faire des 2. He lias forbidden his govern- 

lois d'une importance immediate et pi-essante, a ors to pass laws of immediate and 

moins d'en suspendre Tapplication jusqira ce (pie P''essing importance, unless sus- 

o^t, 000^. >f;. ..,,.,<- , ,*,4. Li-A It 1. in pended in their operations till his 

son assentiment cut ete obtenu : et, (luand elles * . ^ ,:,,,. , 

, , . , ' i assent should be obtained ; and, 

ont ete amsi suspondues, il a conipletemcnt uc- when .so su.spended, he has utterly 

glige de s'en OCCllper. neglected to attend to them. 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENT CE. 



(;ekman. 
zii iindern oder abzuscliaffen mid eine neue Re- 
gierung einzusetzen, welche diese Griindsatze fest 
halt uud ilire Gewalt in solcher Weise ausiibt, die 
am geeignetsteu erscheiut, die Sicherheit und 
das Gliick des Volkes zu bewirken. Die Klug- 
lieit wild in der That fordern, dass lange besteh- 
ende Regieniiigen nicht wegen unbedeutendei", 
fliichtiger Griinde gewechselt werden sollten iind 
in Folge davon hat die Erfahrnng gezeigt, dass 
die Menschen eher geneigt sind zu leiden, so lange 
die Ubel ertraglich sind, als sicli selbst zu lielfen 
dadurch dass sie die gevvohnte Regierungsforni 
abschaffen. Aber wenn eine lange Reihe von Miss- 
handlungen und Aninassungen desselben Cliar- 
akters die Absicht zum Ubergang in Despotis- 
nius klar erscheinen lassen, ist es ihr Recht, ilne 
Rilicht, solche Regierung abzuschiitteln und fiir 
neuen Schutz ihrer ferneren Sicherheit zu sorgen. 
In dieser Art haben diese Colonien lange gedul- 
dig gelitten und deshalb sehen sie sich jetzt ge- 
zwungen ihre bisherige Regierungsform zu iin- 
dern. Die Geschichte des jetzigen Konigs von 
Grossbritannien ist eine Geschichte von wieder- 
holten Unbilden und Anniassungen, alle darauf 
hinzielend, eine absolute Tvrannei iiber diese 
Staaten auszuiiben. Uni dies zu beweisen, wollen 
wir der unparteiisclien Welt die folgenden That- 
sachen vorlegen. 

1. Er hat seine Zustiraniung zu Gesetzen, 
welche fiir das offentliche Wohl sehr heilsani 
und notig waren, verweigert. 

2. Er hat seinen Gouverneuren verboten, sehr 
dringliche Gesetze einzufiihren, bis seine Zustim- 
niung erfolgt ware, und hat die so suspendierten 
Gesetze nachher vcillig unberiicksichtigt gelassen. 



NOTES. 

and Maryland were under Proprie- 
tary governments. 

The first Continental Congress 
was composed of delegates from tlie 
above-mentioned Thirteen Colonies. 
They were called together in Sep- 
tember, 1774. They prepared the 
Bill of Rights. The second Conti- 
nental Congress met in May, 1775. 
They declared the United Colonies 
independent. The Declaration of 
Independence was drawn up by 
Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, 
Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sher- 
man and Robert Livingstone. 

The Declaration of Independence 
was adopted July 4, 177G, at which 
date the Continental Congress as- 
sumed to be the National Govern- 
ment for the above - mentioned 
Thirteen American Colonies of 
Great Britain. 

The Continental Congress con- 
tinued to be the National Gov- 
ernment until March, 1781, when 
the Articles of Confederation were 
adopted. 



The Articles of Confederation 
were superseded theoretically in 
September, 1788, by the present 
Constitution of the United States, 
which Constitution did not go into 
actual operation until March 4, 
1789. 

The Continental Congress ema- 
nated from the people of the sev- 
eral Colonies, the Articles of Con- 
federation from the States, and the 
Constitution of the United States 
from the people. 



IG DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

FRKNC II. ENGLISH. 

3. II a refuse de faire d'antres lois a Tavantage 3. He lias refused to pass other 
, . 1 • ^ • . • • 1 11 laws for the accommodation of large 

do vastes districts, a luoins que le peiiple de ces ,.,.,. , , ,, 

' . , . districts of people, unless those peo- 

districts n'abandonuat sou droit de representation pj^ ^-ould relinquish the right of 

a la Legislature — droit inestimable pour le peuple, representation in the Legislature— a 
et redoutable aux seuls tyrans. i'='l't inestimable to them, and for- 

midable to tyrants only. 



4. II a rassenible des corps legislatifs en des 4. He has culled together legis- 
endroits insolites, inconiniodes, eloignes du lien lative bodies at places unu.uai, un- 

, comfortable, and distant from the 

de depot de leurs archives publiques, dans le seiil repository of tlieir public records, 

but de les aniener par la lassitude a se preter a for the sole purpose of fatiguing 

ses lliesures. them into compliance with his 

measures. 

5. II a frequeinnient dissous les chambres re- 5- He has dissolved representa- 
prosentatives parce qu'ellos s'opposaient, avec une *'^'« ^^'^^^^ repeatedly, for oppos- 

' , ^ ., , -. ing, with manly firmness, his inva- 

virile ferinete, a ses empietements sur les droits sio„s on the rights of the people, 
du peuple. 

6. 11 a refuse, pendant longtenips apies ces 6. He has refused, for a long time 

dissolutions, de proceder a de nouvelies elections; after such dissolutions, to cause 

r -^ 11 -1 • 1 ' • T ^-r others to be elected, whereby the 

C(3 qui a lait que 1 exercice des poiivoirs ieijrislatirs, , . , ,. . , , « 

^ -i I & 5 legislative powers, incapable or an- 

nc pouvant s'anniliilcr, est rcvenu an peuple tout nihilation, have returned to the 

entier ; TEtat restant, dans Tintervalle, expose a people at large for their exercise ; 

tons les dangers des invasions du dehors, et des ^'^'^ ^'^^^ remaining, in the mean- 

1 . 1 1 J time, exposed to all the dangers of 

convulsions du dedans. . . . .., . , 

invasions from without, and con- 
vulsions within. 

7. 11 S'est efforce d'einpecher ces ifitats de se 7. He has endeavored to prevent 

peupler; entravant dans ce but les lois pour la the population of these states ; for 

naturalisation des etrangers; refusant d'en faire ^^''''* l^^'P"'*^ obstructing the laws 

,, , . , for the naturalization of foreigners; 

d autres pour encourager Jeur migration en ce , . , ,1 ♦ 

t o » refusing to pass others to encourage 

pays, et elevaut les conditions pour les nouvelies their migration hither, and raising 

appropriations des terres. the conditions of new appropria- 
tions of lands. 

8. 11 a entrave raduiinistration de la justice, en 8. He has obstructed the admin- 
refusant sa sanction a des luis destinees a etablir i-^t^ation of justice, by refusing his 

, ...... assent to laws for establishing Ju- 
les pouvoirs ludiciaires. ■,. . 

I J diciary powers. 

9. 11 a rendu les juges dependants de sa seule 0. He has made judges depend- 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



17 



GERMAN. 

3. Er hat sich geweigert andere Gesetze einzn- 
fiihren, welclie fiir das Wohl grosser Districte 
iiotig waren, es sei denn, dass deren Bevolkenmg 
ilir Reclit aiif Yertretung in der gesetzgebeiideri 
Yersammlung aufgabe, — eiii Reclit, das ilir heilig 
ist and das niir Tyraiineii gefahrlicli erscheiiien 
kanii. 

4. Er liat gesetzgebende Korperscliaften an 
Orte zasatnnien beriifen, welche abgelegen und 
fern von dem Aufbewabrungsorte der offentli- 
chen Urkunden waren, in der alleinigen Absicbt, 
die Yolksvertreter dureh die damit verkniipften 
l^mstande seinem Willen gefiigig zu machen. 

5. Er liat Yolksvertretungen wiederholt aiif- 
gelost, weil sie niit mannlicher Festigkeit seine 
Eingriffe in die Yolksrechte zuriickwiesen. 

6. Er hat lange Zeit nach solchen Auflcisungen 
neue Wahlen nicht zugelassen, so dass die Yolks- 
vertreter ihre Rechte niclit aiisiiben konnten, 
iind ihren Wahlern ihr Mandat znriickgeben 
mussten, wahrend welcher Zeit der Staat alien 
Gefaliren von Aiissen und Unruhen iin Innern 
ansgesetzt war. 

7. Er hat versncht, die Colonisation dieser 
Staaten zu verhindern nnd, zn diesem Zweck, 
die Gesetze fiir die Naturalisation der Freniden 
erschwert ; er hat verweigei-t, andere Gesetze, 
welche die Einwanderung und den Erwcrb von 
Grundeigentum crleichtern sollten, einzufiihren. 

8. Er hat die Justizverwaltung erschwert, in- 
dem er seine Zustinimung zu Gesetzen verwei- 
gerte, welche die Einsetzung von Gerichtsbehor- 
den herbeifiihren sollten. 

9. Er hat die Richter von seinem alleinigen 



NOTES. 

In the Declaration of Indepen- 
dence the revolting Colonies were 
first called the United States of 
America. 

On June 11, 1776, the same day 
on which a committee was ap- 
pointed by Congress for preparing 
a Declaration of Independence, it 
was resolved to appoint anotlier 
committee to prepare and digest 
the form of a Confederation to be 
entered into between the Colonies. 
This committee, on July 12tli fol- 
lowing, reported a plan of a Con- 
federacy. 

This draft, after debate, was 
finally adopted by Congress, No- 
vember 15, 1777. 

These Articles of Confederation 
were ratified in July, 1778, by the 
delegates from all the States, ex- 
cepting New Jersey, Delaware and 
Maryland. They were subsequent- 
ly signed on the part of New Jer- 
sey, November 23, 1778, and were 
ratified on the part of Delaware, 
February 22, 1779. The delegates 
from Maryland did not sign until 
March 1, 1781, and, on the second 
day of March, 1781, Congress as- 
sembled under the Confederation. 

The government of the United 
States has passed through the three 
following forms : Revolutionary, 
Confederate and Constitutional. 

The Revolutionary Government 
extended from the time of the 
meeting of the first Continental 
Congress, March 5, 1774, to the 
final ratification of the Articles of 
Confederation, March 1, 1781. 

The Confederate Government 
extended from the ratification of 
the Articles of Confederation, to 
the time when the Constitution 
went into operation, March 4, 
1789. 



18 DECLAPwATIOX OF INDEPENDENCE. 



FRENCH. ENGLISH. 



voloiito pour la conservation de lenrs sieo;es, et la ^nt on his will alone for the tenure 

(luotite et le paienient de leurs salaires. " "^ ^'''^''" "'^^^'^' "'''^ '^'' '■^"^"""^ ^'"' 

■* * j)ayment of their salaries. 

10. II a cree quantite de nonveanx einplois, et 10. He has erected a multitude 

, . . 1 . 1 r ^- • of new offices, and sent hitlier 

a envoye ici des essainis de ronctionnaires pour , _ ^ , 

•^ ' swarms of officers to harass our peo- 

oppritner notre peuple et devorer sa substance. pig and eat out their suhstauce. 



11. II a niaintcnu an milieu de nous, en temps H- He has kept among us in 
1 • J ' . 1 times of peace, standing armies, 

de pai.x, des armees permanentes, sans le con- . , / ' , ,- . 

' T ' • 1 without the consent of our Legis- 

sentement de nos Legislatures. latures. 

12. II a affecto de rendre le pouvoir militaire 12. He has affected to render the 

independant du pouvoir civil, et supc-rieur a "^^^'^^''^ independent of, and sn- 

. . perior to, the civil power. 

celui-ci. 

13. II s'est joint a d'autres pour nous soumettre l^- ^^ ^"^ combined with otliers 

. ,. ^. ,^ . , ^.. ^. . to subject us to a jurisdiction for- 

a une pindiction ctranjjjere a nos constitutions, et . / ,.' .. , 

J " ^ _ eign to our constitutions, and un- 

non reconnue par nos lois; donnant son assenti- acknowledged by our laws ; giving 

ment a leurs actes de soi-disant legislation : — his assent to their acts of pretended 

legislation : — 

Pour avoir Cantonne parmi nous des corps For quartering large bodies of 

nombrenx de troupes en amies ; ^'"^^'^ ^''^"^^ '"^'"""t? "^ ; 

]'our les avoir i)roteges, par un semblant de I'o'" pi-otecting them, by a mock 

, . 1 1 »<• i. J i. >•! trial, from piinisliment for anv 

lugement, contre le cliatiment des raeurtres qu lis \ , . , ,, , ,, 

■> 1^ ' _ ^ murders which they should com 

coinmettraient sur les habitants de ces Etats; ,,-j^ ^j^ ^]^^, inhabitants of these 

States ; 

Pour avoir supprimc notre commerce avec For cutting off our trade with all 

, . 1 .• 1 1 parts of the world ; 

toutes les j^arties du monde; ^ 

Pour nous avoir impose des taxes sans notre ^^^ imposing taxes on ua with- 

, out our consent ; 

consentement ; 

Pour nous avoir priveS, en bien des cas, du For depriving us, in many oases, 

,,,,.,,. , , . of the benefits of a trial b\- jury ; 

bcnence d un jugement par le jury ; 

Pour nous avoir transportes au-dela des mers, For transporting us beyond seas, 

afin d> etre jugcs pour de pretendus delits ; *« b« ^"^^ fo"" pretended ofTences ; 

Pour avoir aboli le libre systeme des lois an- ^"^ ^l^""«l''"P *!'« ^'^^ system 

, . . / , !• of English laws in a neighbor- 

glaises dans une province voisme, y etablissant i„g province, establishing therein 

un gOUVernenient arbitraire, et en Ctendant les an arbitrary government, and en- 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



19 



GERMAN. 

"Willen abliiingig gemaclit, sowolil in Bezng auf 
ilire Stellnno-sbedino-miiren wie auf die Ilolie und 
Bezalilung ihi-es Gehalts. 

10. Er hat eine Menge von nenen Amtern 
geschaffen und eine Menge von Beamten ]ierge- 
sandt, uni iinsei* Volk zii plagen und auszusau- 
gen. 

11. El* hat in Friedenszeiten in unserer Mitte 
ein lleer ohne die Zustitninung der Volksver- 
tretungen gelialten. 

12. Er hat danach getrachtet, das Militair un- 
abliangig von den Civilbehorden und selbst iiber 
dieseJben zu stellen. 

13. Er liat sich mit Anderen verbunden, uns 
znr Unterwerfung unter eine Gerichtsbarkeit zu 
zwingen, welche mit unseren Constitutionen und 
unseren Gesetzen iin Widersprnch steht und hat 
ihre Erlasse vorgeblicher Gesetzgebung besta- 
tigt :— 

Betreffs Einquartiernng grosser bewaffneter 
Truppenkorper in unserer Mitte ; 

Betreffs Beschiitznng dieser Truppen vor Be- 
strafnng fiir an den Bewohnern dieser Staaten 
begangene Morde durch Scheinverhore ; 



NOTES. 

The Constitutional Government ■ 
is that wliich lias existed from 
March 4, 1789, to the present 
time. 

The Constitutional Convention 
directed the new Constitution to 
be laid before Congress, and pro- 
posed that it should aiterwards be 
submitted to a convention of dele- 
gates, chosen in each State by the 
people thereof under a recommen- 
dation of its Legislature, for their 
assent and ratification ; also, that 
as soon as nine States had thus 
ratified it, Congress should take 
measures for the election of a 
President, and fix the time and 
place for commencing proceedings 
under it. Congress transmitted the 
plan of the Constitution and the 
letter of the Convention to the sev- 
eral legislatures of tlie States, on 
September 28, 1787, in order to be 
submitted to a convention of dele- 
gates chosen in each State by the 
people thereof. 



Betreffs Abschneidnng unserea Ilandels mit 
alien Weltteilen ; 

Betreffs Einf iihrung von Abgaben ohne unsere 
Zustimmnng ; 

Betreffs hiiufiger Verweigernng des Yorteils 
eines Geschwornengerichts ; 

Betreffs Uberfiihrung unserer Leute iiber das 
Meei-, um dort wegen vorgeblicher Yerbrechen 
vor Gericht gestellt zu werden ; 

Betreffs Abschaffung des freien ensflischen 
Rechtssy stems in einer benachbarten Provinz, 
und Einsetzung einer willkiirlichen Regierung 



Conventions assembled in the 
different States, in 1787 and 1788, 
and the new system was at last 
adopted, though with much oppo- 
sition. On September 17, 1788, 
Congress, having received ratifica- 
tion of the Constitution from the 
conventions of all the States ex- 
cept North Carolina and Rhode 
Island, resolved that January 7, 



20 DECLARATION OF IXDEPENDENCE. 

FRENCH. ENGLISH. 

Umites, de maniere a en faire un exemple et iin larging its boundaries, soastoren- 

1 • . ]. •„ 1. . ,'..,^ der it at once an example and fit in- 

iiistruinent coinniode pour lutrodiure la lueme , . , . , 

'■ strument for introdncmg tlie sauits 

regie absollie dans Ces colonies ; absolute rule into these colonies ; 

Ponr nous avoir ote nos chartes, en abolissant For taking away our charters, 

1 • ^ 1 ' • „4. „„ ^u/,..„..^ ,.,. abolisliing our most valuable laws, 

nos lois les plus precieuse.s, et en alterant lu-o- , , . , , ,, , 

' *■ and altering, fiin<laraentallv, tlie 

foudenient les formes de nos gouvernenient^ : ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ governments ; ' 

Pour avoir suspendu nos Le2:islatures, et s'otre For suspending our own Legis- 
declare investi du pouvoir de l^nferer pour nous I'^tures and declaring themselves 

^ invested with power to legislate for 

dans tons les cas quelconques. ^^ i,^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ whatsoever. 

l-t. II a abdique du gOUVCrneinent de ce pavs, 14. He has abdicated government 

en nous declarant en dehors de sa protectiun,"et l^^^re. by deeiaringusoutofhisi.ro- 

tection and waging war against us. 

en nous faisant la guerre. 

15. II a pille nos niers, ravage nos cotes, brulc ^^>- "'' ^'-^^ plundered our seas. 
.11 L I 'l -L ^ • 1. ^ 1 4. ravaged our coasts, burned our 

nos viUes, et detruit ies existences de notre ikmi- "" , , , i i. 

' ' towns and destroyed the lives of 

P'"" our people. 

10. II ti-ansporte en ee nionient nienic de noin- Ki- He is at this time transport- 
breuses arinees de mercenaires etrangers pour '"S ''"S'^ armies of foreign merce- 

, ,, , i 1 1' 1 .• *" ^ 1 ^ naries to complete the works of 

aehever 1 ceuvre de rnort, de desolation et de tv- •,»,,,,. j , , 

' _ • death, desolation and tyranny, al- 

rannie, deja coinmencee avec des circonstances de readv becun with circum.stances of 
cruaute et de perfidie a peine egalees dans les cruelty and perfidy scarcely paral- 
ages les plus barbares, et absolument indignes du ^'^'^'-''^ '» ^'^'-' "^^^^ barbarous ages, 

1 « 1, .. . .,. , and totallv unworthy the head of a 

chct d une nation civilisoe. ..,.,". 

civilized nation. 

17. II a force nos concitoyens, faits prisonniers ^^- He has constrained our fel- 

1 . « . 1 ,1 low citizens, taken captive on the 

en pleine iner, a porter les arnies contre leur , . ' ^ . , . 

' ' hnrh seas, to bear arms afiainst tlieir 

patrie, a devenir les bourreaux de leurs anus et de countiy.to become the executioners 
Icurs frores, ou a toinber euxineines par les mains of their friends and brethren, or to 

do CeUX-ci. ^''^' themselves by their hands. 

18. II a provoque parmi nous une insurrection l^- He has excited domestic in- 

-1 „ -• i. ■< L cc ' r tk" i«„ 1 1 • surrection among us, and has en- 

domestique, et sest eiTorce d attirer sur les habi- , , ..,.,,. 

, ., T T deavored to brine on the inliabi- 

tants de nos frontieres les Indiens, ces sauvages tants of our frontiers the merciless 
sans pitie, dont le code de guerre, on le sait, con- Indian savages, whose known rule 



DECLAEATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



21 



GEKMAN. 

daselbst, nnd Vergrossening der Grenzen der- 
selbeii, iitii sie zuiu Yorbilde uiid passeiideii 
Werkzeuge zur Eiufuhning gleicli absolute!' 
lleiTschaft in unsereu Colouien zn machen ; 

Betreffs Entziehnng luiserer Grundrechte, 
Abscliaffnng iinserer wertvolkten Gesetze und 
Anderung unserer Ilegierungsfonn von Grund 
ans ; 

Betreffs Anflosnng unserer Volksvertretnn- 
o;en und der Erkljiruno;, init Macht bekleidet 
zu sein, Gesetze fiir uns in alien Fallen zu er- 
lassen. 

14. Er hat seine Begierung hier niederge- 
legt, dadurch dass er uns fiir ausserlialb seines 
Schutzes stehend erklart, und Krieg gegen uns 
begonnen hat. 

15. Er hat unsere Meere gepliindert, unsere 
Iviisten beraubt, unsere Stadte verbrannt und 
das Leben unserer Mitbiirger vernichtet. 

16. Er sendet eben jetzt grosse Armeen frem- 
der Soldlinge hierher, uin das Werk des Todes, 
der Yerwiistung und. Tvrannei zu vollenden ; 
dies ist bereits niit einer Grausainkeit und Treu- 
losigkeit geschelien, die in den barbarischsten 
Zeiten kauni ihres Gleichen tinden und dem 
llaupte einer civilisierten Nation vollig unwiir- 
dig sind. 

17. Er hat unsere Mitbiii-ger gezwungen, wenn 
auf holier See gefangen genonnnen, gegen ihr 
eigenes Land zu karnpfen, die Henker ihrer Brii- 
der und Freunde zu werden, oder selbst von 
deren Ilanden zu fallen. 

18. Er hat Aufruhr unter uns veranlasst und 
sieh beniiiht die Grenzbewohner dem Schrecken 
der unbarmherzigen Indianer auszusetzen, deren 
bekannte Krieorsweise in einer niitleidlosen 



NOTES. 

1789, should be the day for ap- 
pointing Electors in the several 
States which may have ratified 
the Constitution before that day ; 
that February 4tli should be the 
day for the Electors to assemble 
and vote for a President ; and that 
the following March 4th should be 
the time for commencing opera- 
tions under the Constitution, at 
New York, then the seat of gov- 
ernment. 

Accordingly, elections were held 
in the several States for Electors ; 
and the Electors thus appointed 
met and voted for President and 
Vice-President. There were sixty- 
nine electoral votes cast, of which 
George Washington received the 
whole number, and was therefore 
unanimously elected President. 

John Adams received thirty- 
four, the next greatest number of 
votes, and was therefore elected 
Tice-President. 

The States, having also elected 
their Senators and Representa- 
tives, the first Constitutional Con- 
gress, composed of representatives 
from the eleven States which had 
then ratified the Constitution, as- 
sembled on Wednesday, March 4, 
1789, and on that day the new 
Constitution of the United States 
went into legal operation and pro- 
ceedings were commenced under 
it. A quo}'um of members, how- 
ever, did not appear until April 
1st, and Congress then entered 
upon the transaction of business. 

On April 6th, the electoral votes 
were counted in the presence of 
the Senate and House of Repre- 
sentatives by the President of the 
Senate, elected for that purpose, 
and the result appeared as above 
stated. 



22 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

FRENCH. EKGLI8H. 

siste a tout exterminer, sans distinction d'age, de of warfare is an undistinguished 

, ,.^. destruction of all ages, sexes and 

sexe on de condition. ... 

conditions. 

A cliaque pas iiouveau vers ces abus de ponvoir, In every stage of tiiese oppres- 
nous on avons demandc le redressenient dans les sions we have petitioned for redress 

,',,,, , , , , in the most humble terms ; our 

tennes les plus liumbles; on na repondu a nos ^^^^^^^^ ^^^.^.^^^^ ,^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^. 

petitions roiterees que par de nouveaux torts. Un swered only by repeated injury. 

})rince dont le caractere est ainsi marque par tons A prince whose character is thus 

les actes (lui font un tyran, est indigne de gou- "^'^''^'^^l ^'y ^"^-'y ^^^ ^^'^'^^^^ '"'-^-^ 

, ... define a tyrant, is unfit to be the 

verner uu peuple libre. i c V ^ 

It ruler of a free people. 

Nous n'avons pas non plus manque d'egards Nor have we been wanting in our 
P V 1 1/1 ] 13 i„ . „ "\' attentions to our British brethren. 

envers nos freres de la Crrande-Iiretagne. JNous „^ , ,.,*.- 

*^ . We have warned them, froTU time 

les avons avertis, de temps a autre, des tentatives ^^ ^jj^^^ ^f attempts by their Legis- 
faites par leur Legislature pour etendre sur nous latuie to extend an unwarrantable 
une juridiction injustitiable. Nous leur avons jurisdiction over us. We iiave re- 

1' 1 • , ^ i„ .,„4...^ /..^,;,„..„4.;,^,. ^4. minded them of the circumstances 

ra])pelc les cireonstances de notre emigration et „ . . , , 

* '■ of our emigration and settlement 

de notre etablissement en ce^ pays.^ Nous avons j^^..^ ^y^ j^^^^ appealed to their 

fait a})pel a leur justice innee et a leur magna- native justice and magnanimity, 

iiimite, et nous les avons conjures, an nom des a»d we have conjured them by 

liens de notre commune parente,dedesavouer ces "^^ ties of our common ku.dred 

. . ^ . . , . , 1 to disavow these usurpatioin, 

usurpations, qui interrompraient inevitablement ^j^.^,^ ^^^^^,^j inevitably interrupt 

nos liens et nos rapports. lis out etc, eux aussi, our connections and corre.«poiid- 

sourds a la voix de la justice et du sang. Nous ence. They, too, have been deaf 

devons done ceder a la n^cessite qui exii^e notre ^o the voice of Justice and of 

. , consanguinity. We must, there- 

sei)aration, et les tenir coinme nous tenons le ^^^^^ j,equie"sce in the necessity 

reste du genre liumain— pour ennemis, en temps which denounces our sei>aration, 
de guerre ; pour amis, en temps de paix. and hold them as we hold the rest 

of mankind — enemies in war ; in 
peace, friends. 
C'est pourquoi nous, representants des Etats- We, therefore, the representatives 

Tnis d'Amerique, assembles en Congres gt-neral, of the United states of America iu 

.IT (J -^ 1 UTT • ' i. ' • general Congress assembled, ap- 

iirenant le Juo;e bu])reme de lUnivers a temoin * ,. ^ ° „ t j « 

' ° ' pealing to the bupreme Judge of 

de la droiture de nos intentions, publions et de- ^he world for the rectitude of our 
clarons solennellement, au nom et par Tautorite intentions, do, in the name and by 
du boil peuple de ces colonies, que les dites colo- *!'« authority of tl»e good people of 

..i- .^. J -!• 1-. 1 these colonies, solemnly publitih 
nies unies sont, et doivent etre de plein droit, des , , , ,' , .. j , 

' ' and declare that these united col- 

Etats libres et independants; qu'elles sont dega- ^nies are, and of right ought to be, 
gees de toute allegeance a la couronne britannique, ^-ee and independent States ; that 



DECLARATIOX OF INDEPENDENCE. 



23 



GERMAN. 

Yernichtung von Personeii jedes Alters und Ge- 
schlechtes bestebt. 

Bei jeder Stnfe dieser Vergewaltigungen, ba- 
ben wir mn Abbiilfe in den bescbeidensten Aus- 
drticlven gebeten und auf inisere Bitten nur 
beleidigende Antworten erbalten. Ein Fiirst, 
dessen Cbarakter derart einen Tyrannen ver- 
kiindet, ist unfabig, der Ilerrscber eines freien 
Volkes zu sein. 

Aucb baben wir nicbt verfeblt, die Aufmerk- 
samkeit unserer engliscben Briider auf diese 
Missbraucbe zu lenken. Wir baben sie von 
Zeit zu -Zeit vor den wiederbolten Yersucben 
gewarnt, ibre unerlaubte Gericbtsbarkeit iiber 
uns auszniiben. Wir baben ibren natiirlicben 
Recbtssinn und ilire Grossmut angerufen und 
wir baben sie bei den Banden der genieinsanien 
Yerwandtscbaft besebworen, diese Anniassungen 
nicbt gnt zu beissen, da solclie i;nvermeidlicb 
zuni Al)brucbe unserer Beziebungen fiibren wiir- 
den, docb sind sie auf unsere Yorstellungen in 
Bezuo; auf Gerecbtio;keit und Bhitsverwandtscbaft 
taub gebbeben. Wir seben uns daber zu einer 
Trennung von ibnen gezwungen und niiissen sie 
wie die iibrige Mensclibeit — als Feinde im Krieg, 
— ini Frieden als Freunde betracbten. 



Indem wir, als Yertreter der Yereinigten Staa- 
ten von Ainerika ini Congress versannnelt, in 
Bezug auf die Gerecbtigkeit unserer Absicbten 
an den bocbsten Riebter der Welt appellieren, 
erklaren wir im Namen und ini Auftiage der 
Bevolkerung dieser Colonien biei-mit feierlicbst, 
dass diese Colonien jetzt von Recbtswegen freie 
und unabbangige Staaten sind, dass sie der eng- 
liscben Krone nicbt mebr angeboren und dass 



NOTES. 

On Thursday, April 30th, George 
Washington took the oath required 
by the Constitution, which was ad- 
ministered to him by the Chan- 
cellor of the State of New York, 
and delivered his inaugural ad- 
dress. John Adams entered upon 
his duties as President of the Sen- 
ate on Tuesday, April 21st. 

The ratification of North Caro- 
lina was not received by Congress 
until January, 1790, and that of 
Rhode Island not until June of 
the same year. In the meantime 
those States had been regarded as 
foreign States. 

The following are the dates of 
the ratification of the Constitution 
by each of the original thirteen 
States : 

1. Delaware, December 7, 1787. 

2. Pennsylvania, December 12, 
1787. 

3. New Jersey, December .18, 
1787. 

4. Georgia, January 2, 1788. 

5. Connecticut, January 9, 1788. 

6. Massachusetts, February 6, 
1788. 

7. Maryland, April 28, 1788. 

8. South Carolina, May 23, 1788. 

9. New Hampshire, June 21, 
1788. 

10. Virginia, June 26, 1788. 

11. New York, July 26, 1788. 

12. North Carolina, November 
21, 1789. 

13. Rhode Island, May 29, 1790. 



24 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



FKENCH. 

ct que tout lien politique entre elles et TEtat de 
la Graude-Bretagne est, et doit etre, eomplete- 
iiient roinpn, et que, en quality d'Etats libj'es et 
indepeudaiits, elles out pleiu pouvoir de declarer 
la ijuerre, de coiielure la paix, de contracter des 
alliatiees, d'etablir uu coimnei-ce, et de faire tons 
autres actes et toutes autres choses que les Etats 
iiidepeudants out le droit de faire. Et a I'appui 
de cette Declaration, avec nne ferine contiance 
dans la protection de la divine Providence, nous 
enijageons nnituellenient les uns envers les autres, 
notre vie, noti'e fortune, et notre honneur sacre. 



La declaration ci-dessus fut, par ordre du Con- 
gres, grossoyee, et signce par les niembres doiit 
Kuivent les nonis : 

.loHN JIanco(^k. 



ENGLISH. 

they are absolved from all allegi- 
ance to the British crown, and that 
all political connection between 
them and the State of Great Bri- 
tain is, and ought to be, totally 
dissolved, and that, as free and in- 
dependent States, they have full 
power to levy war, conclude peace, 
contract alliances, establish com- 
merce, and do all other acts and 
things which independent States 
may of right do. And for the sup- 
port of this Declaration, with a firm 
reliance on the protection of Divine 
Providence, we mutually pledge to 
each other our lives, our fortunes, 
and our sacred honor. 

The foregoing declaration was, by 
order of Congress, engrossed, and 
signed by the following members: 

John H.\ncock. 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

JOSIAH BAUTLETT, 

William Whipple, 
Matthew Thoknton. 

MASSACHUSETTS BAY. 
Samuel Adams, 
John Adams, 

llOBERT TBKAT TAINE, 

Elbridoe Gerry. 

RHODE ISLAND. 
Stephen Hopkins, 
William Ellery. 

CONNErTICUT. 
Roger Sherman, 
Samuel Hcntinoton, 
William Williams, 
Oliver Wolcott. 



NF.W YORK. 
William Floyd, 
Phiijp Livinoston, 
Francis Lewis, 
Lewis Morris. 

NEW JERSEY. 
Richard Stockton, 
John Witherspoon, 
Francis Hopkinson, 
John Hart, 
Abraham Clark. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 
Robert Morris, 
Benjamin Rush, 
Benjamin Franklin, 
JoBN Morton, 
George Clymer, 
James Smith, 



George Taylor, 
Jame4 Wilson, 
George Ross. 

DELAWARE. 
CiESAR Rodney, 
George Read, 
Thomas M'Kean. 

MARYLAND. 
Samuel Chase, 
William Paca, 
Thomas Stone, 
Charles Carroll, of Car- 
rollton. 

VIRGINIA. 
George Wvthe, 
Richard Henry Lee, 
Thomas Jefferson, 



Benjamin Harrison, 
Thomas Nelson, Jcn., 
Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
Carter Braxton. 

NORTH CAROLINA. 
William Hooper, 
Joseph Hewes, 
John Penn. 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 
Edward Rdtledge, 
Thomas Heywai;d. Jun., 
Thomas Lynch. Jun., 
Abthub Middleton. 

GEORGIA. 
Button Gwinnett, 
Lyman Hall, 
George Walton. 



DECLAHATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 25 

J GERMAN. NOTES. 

alle politische Yerbindung zwischen ilinen und 
Grossbritannien ganzlich anfgelost ist ; und dass 
sie ferner als freie, unabhangige Staaten das 
voile Recht haben, Kiieg zu erklareii, Friedeii 
zu schliessen, Yertrage einzngehen, Handel zii 
eroffnen und alle sonstigen Scliritte zu tliun, zu 
denen unabhangige Staaten bereclitigt sind. Zur 
Aufrechtlialtung dieser Erkliii'ung, niit festeni 
Yertraiien auf die gcittliclie Yorsehung, ver- 
pflicliten wir uns gegenseitig niit unserem Le- 
ben, inisereni Yerniogen und unserem lieiligen 
Elirenwort. 

Die vorstehende Erklarung wurde dureli Be- 
scliluss des Congresses ausgefertigt und von fol- 
genden Mitgliedern unterzeichnet : 

John Hancock, 



THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



CONSTITUTION DES ETATS-UNIS. constitution 

OF THE UNITED STATES. 



FRKNCH. ENGLISH. 

Nous, le peuple des fitats-Unis, afiii de former We, the Peojile of the Unittd 

line union plus parfaite, d'otablir la justice, d'as- States, in order to form a more pur- 

1 , .„.,.■,, , . « 1 feet union, establish justice, insure 

surer la traiiqnillitc luterieure, de pourvoir a la , ... .,,.. ., , 

A ' 1 domestic tranquiUity, provide for 

defense commune, de donner I'essor au bien pa- the common defence, promote tl.e 

blic, et de nous assurer a, nons-memes et a nos general welfare, and secure the 

descendants les bienfaits de la liberte, ordonnons blessingsof liberty to ourselves and 

^ /, 1 T 1 ' . /^ 1 our posteritv, do ord.ain and estab- 

ct etablissons la presente CoNSTrruTiON pour Jes ,. , V, . /, . ,, 

r ^ lish this Constitution for tlie 

Etats-Unis d'Amerique. United states of America. 



ARTICIiE I. — Departement Legislatif. ARTICLE I.— Legislative Department. 

Skction I. — Tons les pouvoirs legislatifs accor- Section T.— All legislative pow- 

desparles presentes seront remis u un Congres crs herein granted shall he vested 

\ ' ° in a Conmess of the United States, 

de.s Etats-Unis, qui se composera d'un benat et which shall consist of a Senate and 

d'une Chambre des llepresetltants. House of Representatives. 

SwrnoN II. — Para<jraj)he 1. La riiambre des Section II. — Clause 1. The 

Representants se composera de membres clioisis "''""^ "^ Representatives shall be 

, , ,' 1 1 T 1% composed of members clioseii every 

tons les deux ans par le peuple des divers Etats, ^^,^,,,1 ^.^^^^ by the people of th'.. 

et les electeurs do chaque Etat devront avoir several states, and the electors in 

les qualites requises pour les electeurs du corps each state shall have the quiiliiiea- 

, , , 1 1 I • • 1 ., i^T^ , tiona requisite for electors of tln> 

Je plus nombreux de la Jx'i'islaturc d Etat. _ , , i p ♦, c* » 

r J^ most numerous branch of the State 

Legislature. 



VERFASSUNG DER VEREINIGTEN STAATEN. notes. 



GERMAN. There are tliree great depart- 

-nr T -n- i tt • • ^ Oi. i. • ments of government : Legislative, 

WiR, die Ijurffer der Vereiiiio-ten fetaaten, in ^ ,. . , "^ . ^ ^. ^ 

' o o ' Judicial and Executive. 

der Absicht, eine vollkommnere Union lierzn- The Legislative enacts laws; 
stellen, Gereclitigkeit zu scliaften, innere Ruhe zu the Judicial interprets and ap- 
sichern, fiir die Verteidignng za sorgen, das all- pi'<^s them ; the Executive en- 

^\T 11 I, £• -T J T c forces them. 

gemeine VVolil zu beturdern iiiid die l^egnnngen ^^ ^ ^.^ ^. ^ ^, ^^ .^ , 
^ n C5 rpjjg Constitution of the United 

der Fl-eilieit uns Ulld nnseren Nacllkoinmen zu states separates these three depart- 

vcrscliaiTen, veroi'dnen nnd bestiininen die fol- ments, makes each one indepen- 
gende Yerfassung fiir die Yereinigten Staaten <itnit of the others and places them 

A •! in different liands. Experience 

von Amenlva. , , , , . „ 

lias shown that the separation ot 

these powers is much more favor- 
able to liberty than is their union 
in the same body or person. 

Section I. — Die Gesetzgebendc Gcwalt soil in The first article of the Consti- 
die Iliinde eines Congresses der Yereiniirten tution treats of the Legislative 



ARTIKEIi I. — Abteilung, die Gesetzgebende Gewalt 
betreffend. 



Staaten gelegt wcrden ; und dieser soil ans ei- •i^P-'^'-tm^^t ; the second, of the 

c^ ^ . 1 . .1 1 1 , Executive; and the third, of the 

nein Senate nnd eineni Abgeordnetenhanse be- j^iieiai 
steben. 

o TT ^j 7 -. rx » 1 -1 ARTICLE I.— Section I. 

Section ii. — tmnsel 1. Das Abgeordneten- . „ „ , 

, „ ^^. ,. - - By the Articles of Confederation 

bans soil ans Mitgliedern besteben, welcbe alle t,^. Legislative consisted of only 

zwei Jalire von der Bevollcernng der verscbiede- one body. 

nen Staaten gewablt M-erden ; nnd die Wabler l" the Constitutional Convention 

iedes Staates mussen dieselbe Befabigung wie ^^^ "'^ ^^''*"'' ''^""P* Pe""^^!^^^- 

T tTT..i 1 1 11 • 1 r» • 1 ^ nia, were in favor of dividing Con- 

die Wabler des zablreicbsten Zweiges der Staats- g^ess into two distinct bodies. 

legislatnr besitzen. The advantages of vesting the 



30 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

FRKNCII. KNGLISII. 

Pai-agrajphe 2. Niil iie pourra etre Hepresen- ^'V'""^ 2. No person shall be a 

,., , i.i. • i. HA 1 • t. • ,^ „..„ „i. Representative who shall not have 

timt, s'll n a pas attemt I'aijje de vingt-cmq aiis, et / 

' " ^ "^ ^^ . attained to the age of twenty- hve 

ete pendant sept ailS citoyeil des EtatS-lniS, et ^,^.^^g^ an<l been seven years a cit- 

s'il n'habite pas, an nionient de son election, izen of the United states, and wlii> 

l'£tat dans Icqnel il ani-a ete ehl. *^'"ill not, when elected, be an in- 

liabitanL of that State in which he 
shall be chosen. 

Paraqrajphe 3. Les Eepresentants et les eon- Claiuc 3. Representatives and 
tribntions directes devront et.-e ivpartis enti-e les ^^'^^^ taxes shall be apportioned 

^, ^ . ... ^. , among the several States which 

(lifferents Etats qni pourront iaire partie de ^^^^, ^^ k,,,x^,\,,\ within this 

rUnion, d'apres le nonibre de lenrs liabitants res- union, according to their respect- 

jiectifs, leqnel sera determine eu ajoutantan noni- ive numbers, which shall be de- 

bre total des personnes libres, y eonipris eelles qui termined by adding to th. whole 

, . . , number of free persons, nuluiliiig 

sent tenues a un service pendant nne certan.e pe- ^j^,,^^ bound to service for a term 

riode d'arniees, et non eonipris les Indiens non ^f years, and excluding Indians 
imposes, le^ trois clnqideinefi de toutes a utiles j^er- not taxed, three-fifths of all other 
mnnes. Le denombrement reel en sera fait dans ^'^•*'"'«- The actual enumeration 

, . . . , ., , . 1 shall be made within three years af- 

les trois ans qui snivront la preniiere rennion du t,rt,,,fi,,t„,eetiug of the Congress 

Congres des fitats-Unis, et snbsequemment tons ^f ^^e united states, and within 

les dix ans, en la inanicre qni sera prescrite par every subsequent term of ten years, 

la loi. Lenomhre des Renresentants tiederrajms i" such manner as they shall by 

-, , , -77 '7 ifT, , law direct. Tlie number of licprc- 

der^asser nn jpar trente imlU, mats chaque Mat ^^^^^^^^^.^.^^ ^^^^^^^ ,^^^^ exceed one for 

aura au moins un Rej>resentant ; et en attendant ^^.^.^ ^J^^yly thousand, but each Stut* 

que ce denomhreinent soit fait, VEtat du New shnll hive at least one Representn- 

JIampshire aura droit a' en choisir trois; le tire ; and vntil such enumrratiou 

Ty J _,. 1 •. 7 7>7 7 / 7 7 J 7 shall be made, the State of hew 

Massachusetts, nmt ; le lihode JsLana et les „ ,. , „ ,, * v/..; /^ .;.^ >.. 

' -_ , Hampshire slum be cntitlM to choose 

Plantations de Providence, un ; le Connecticut, three ; ^((ssachusetts, eight ; EhxU 

cinq ; le New Yorlf, si.c / le New Jersey, quatre ; Island and Promhncc Plantations, 

la Pennsylvanie, huit ; le Delaware, un ; le one; Con nectkut, fve; New York, 

-., 1 J . ,-,;-... ,. ; ^y T ^ six; New Jersey, four; Pennsyl- 
Mariiland, six; la Vtrqime, dtx : La Carotine . ..^ * • '„^.xr. 

J ^ y . . , vania, eight; Delaware, one; Ala- 

du Nord, cinq ; la Caroline du Sud, cinq ; et la ryland, six .- Virginia, ten ; North 
Georgie, trois. Carolina, fire: South Carolina, fee: 

and Georgia, three. 

Parajraphe 4. Qnand il se prodnira des va- ^^""«'' *• ^hen vacancies hap- 

, , , ^ ^. ^, -fVi. i 1 pen ill the representation from 

canoes dans la representation d nn Etat, les an- c.. . ., \. ,.,,;..,. „„m.^,w„ 

t ^ ' any State, the executive authority 

torites executives de cet Etat convoqneront les thereof .shall issue writs of election 
electenrs ])onr remplir les dites vacances. to fill such v.acancies. 

r. 7 ►- T rii 1 J T-» ' i. i. ClauM 5. The House of Repre- 

Paragraphe 5. La Chambre des Kcpresentants ^.^t.^ves shall choose their Speak 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 81 

GERMAN. NOTES. 

Clausel 2. Niemand ist zum Abgeordneten Legislative powers in two brandies 
wjihlbar, der niclit seiu fiinfundzwanziastes Jalir ^''"^ ^^"^^^ ^''^* ** ^' ''•P* *« '^•^'*^'^'^ 

. , , , , , . , , . T T 1 -it'-- 1 hasty legislation ; it is less likf-ly 

erreicnt liat und niclit sieben Jalire ijiirs-er dei- .-, . ,„ , •,, u j* • 

» that laws will be passed from pn- 

Vereinigten Staaten gewesen ist, nnd iiinss der- vate influence, and it increases tbe 

selbe eiii Einwolnier des Staates sein, in welchein probability that good laws will be 

ei- gevvalilt werdeu soil. passed. 

Ciausel 3. Die Zahl der Yertreter nnd die Section II.- Cto««<; 2. 

Quote der directen Abgaben soil den verschie- ^^^ ^^^- H.— Sec. II.— Clause 5. 

denen Staaten, die die Union bilden, ini Ver- ^ Eepresentative is not required 

. . 1-1 • 1 to be a citizen of the United States 

hiiltniss zu ilirer Eniwohnerzahl zngeteilt w-er- Y>y birth. If a foreigner by birth, 

den, diese soil derart bestimmt werden, dass zu he may become a citizen by natu- 

der Anzabl der freien Personen, einschliesslicli ralization, and then he becomes 

derjenigen, die sich fiir eine Eeihe von Jali- '^'^'^^^ ^' ^ Representative after 

,. a citizenship of seven years, 

ren zu dienen verpflichtet liaben und ansscbliess- ^n alien must reside here live 

lich der niclit besteuerten Indianer, dl'ei F'dvftel years before he becomes a citizen; 

aller iihrigen, Personen zugezablt wei-den ; die tl"s, added to the seven years 

definitive Volkszahlung soil iunerhalb drei Jalire ^^ citizenship, amounts to twelve 

, - „ • -1 /-I vears of m-evions residence before 

nach dem ersten Zusainnientntt des Congresses he is eligible as a Representative, 

stattfinden nnd spiiter alle zelm Jalire in soldier The Representative must be an 

Weise, wie er durch Gesetz vorschreiben wird. inhabitant of the State in which 

Die Zahl der Vertreter soil einen fur je 30,000 ^" ^' "^^°'""- ^* ^' "°* required 

7-,. , -J 7 . 7.70 77 that he be a resident of the dis- 

Einwohner mcht uhersteigen, aler jeder Staat soil ^^ict from which he has been 
loenigstens einen Yertreter hahen ; und his die chosen, nor that he should iiave 

Zcihlung VOrgenommen ist, soil New Hampshire, resided either in the district or the 

drei ; Massachusetts, acht ; Rhode Island und ^^""^^ ^^'^ *''"^' "^^^"'^^ ^^"^^^' "^ 

7^, . 7 yy 1 • • n • n f> time before his election. Nor is it 

Providence Colomen, einen; Connecticut, ftbif ; ^^.^ ^hat he shall lose his seat if 

New YorJc, sechs ; New Jersey, mer ; Penn- he remove from his state or dis- 

sylvania, acht ; Delaware, einen ; Maryland, trict during the two years. It is 

sechs ; Virginia, zehn ; Nord Carolina, fiinf ; ""* "ecessary that he should pos- 

o-. 7 /•> 7- /••• /> 7 y-r • 7 • Tr- , ', scss a certain amount of property 

bud Uarotina, funf, und (jreorqia, drei Vertreter ^ .• , +. *. 

' <^ ■/ ' i? 5 or profess any particular form of 

erwdhlen Jconnen. religious belief. 

Clausel 4. Wenn eine Liicke in der Yertre- 
tung eines Staates entsteht, soil die Regierung 
desselben eine neue Wahl ansschreiben. tual'iy made in 1790 

Taxes are of two kinds, direct 

Clausel 5. Das Abgeordnetenhaus soil seinen 



Parts italicized are obsolete. 

The first enumeration was ac- 



and indirect. A direct tax is laid 
directly on the income or property 



32 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

FRENCH. ENOLISir. 

clioisira son President et son bureau; et aura er and otiier officers; and shall 

seule qnalite pour niettre les fonctionnuires en ^'^^« '^' ^^^'^ P«^^'' ""^ ^'"P^'^^''" 

\ '■ ment. 
accusation. 

Section lU.—Para(/rap/ie 1. Le Senat des Section III.- Clame 1. The 

-r, TT • 11 t < ' . 1 Senate of the United States shall 

Etats-rnis se coniposera do deux oenateurs de , j ^^ c . * 

' be composed of two Senators from 

chaque Etat, nornnies par la Legislature de cet g^ch state, chosen by the Legisla- 

l^^tat pour six ans ; et chaque Senateur aura une ture thereof, for six years; and 

y.f[\- each Senator shall have one vote. 

Paragravhe 2. Aussitot apres qn'ils se reuni- CUmse'i. immediately after they 

, , •, 1 1 •' '^ ^- '\ T shall be assembled in consequence 

ront a la suite de la premiere election, lis se di- , ^i c * i ,- ♦! i n i, 

i _ ' .of the first election, they sliall be 

viseront aussi egalenient que possible en trois divided as equally as may be into 

classes. Les sieges des Senateurs de la premiere three classes. The seats of the 

classe deviendront vacants a I'expiration de la Senators of the first class shall be 

1 , , , , , , ,, vacated at the expiration of the 

seconde annee ; ceux de la seconde classe, a J ex- , „ ,, , , 

' ^ ' second year; of tlie second class, 

piration de la quatrieine annee ; et ceux de la ^<^ the "expiration of the fourth 

troisieme classe, a Texpiration de la sixieme annee; year ; and of the third class, at tlie 

de maniere qu'un tiers soit elu tons les deux ans ; expiration of the sixtiiyear, so that 

,., 1 •■ 1 1' • • one-third may be chosen every sec- 

et sil se prod uit des vacances, par demission ou , - ., „„„,.„■,,„_„„ 

r ^ ond year ; and if vacancies liappen 

autrement, en I'absenee de la Legislature d'un \^y resignation, or otiierwise, dn- 

Etat, le pouvoir executif de cet £tat pent fail-e ring the recess of the Legislature 

des nominations temporaires jus(pra la prochaine "^ ^"-^ state, the Executive thereof 

iiT'-ii. -J Ti may make temporary appointments 

reunion de la Legislature, qui devra remplir alors ;., ,, / :. „ ,, t„ 

o ' 1 >• until the next meeting or the Le- 

les dites vacances. gislature, which shall then fill sucli 

vacancies. 

Paragraphe 3. Nul ne pourra etre Senateur, Clause 3. No person shall be a 

s'il n'a pas atteintTage de trente ans, et etc pen- Senator who shall not have attained 

- „ . 1 -Ti T- • ••! ' to the age of thirty years, and been 

da.it neuf ans citoyen des Ltats-Lnis, et s il n est ^^j,,^ ^.^^^.^ ^ ^it.^;„ „f ^,,^ United 

pas, an moment de son election, habitant de I'Etat states, and who shall not, when 

pour lequel il aura ete elu. elected, be an inhabitant of that 

State for which he shall be chosen. 

Paragraphe 4. Le Vice-President des ifetats- C'/awae 4. The Vice-President of 

TT • ' • 1 4. J o ' i • 1 the United States shall be president 

Inns sera president du Senat, mais n aura pas . , „ , , ,, , 

'■ "^ of the Senate, but shall have no 

droit de vote, a moins que les voix ne soient ^^^^^ „„i^gs they be equally di- 

partagees egalement. vided. 

Paragraphe 5. Le Senat nommera son bureau. Clauses. The Senate shall choose 

et aussi un president provisoire, en cas d'absence their other officers, and also a Presi- 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 33 

GERMAN. NOTES. 

Spreclier und seine iibrigen Beatriten walilen ; itself; for instance, on lands or 
unci das ausschliessliche llecht, sie ziir Verant- ^^«"'^'- ^" ^"<^"*^"* ^^^ ^' ^"•^ 

laid on articles of production or 
WOrtnng ZU Ziehen, liaben. consumption. Direct taxes are 

Section III. — Clausel 1. Der Senat der Ver- seldom levied, except when other 
einigten Staateu soil ans zwei Senatoren von so^'^'es o^ income fail. 

. , ^ 1,1 T 11 11 By the Articles of Confederation, 

ledeni Staate bestehen, diese sollen von den be- ., - -p ti n * ^ o* * 

J ' the expenses of the United States 

zugliclieii Staatslegislatni-en auf seclis Jalire ge- were to be paid by each State in 
wiiblt werden ; nnd jeder Senator soil eine proportion to the value of land, to- 

Stinnne haben. gether with improvements. This 

placed the liability of a State to di- 

Viausel 2. Gleich nacli der Versannnlnng in rect taxation upon the basis of prop- 

Folge der ersten Walll sollen sie so gleicliniassig erty, whereas theConstitution places 

wie moglicli in drei Classen geteilt werden. it upon the basis of population. 

T-.. o'i 1 o i. J i l'^^ 11 The Indians that remain in the 

Die bitze der feenatoren der ersten Classe sollen o, . • i , j ■ ^, 

states are included in the number 

nach Ablanf des zvveiten Jalires geranint wer- of free persons if they are taxed. 
den ; die der zweiten Classe naeli vier Jaliren There were slaves in all the 
imd die der dritten Classe nach sechs Jaliren, so ^^^^^^ '^'^^" ^^^^ Constitution was 
dass eiii Drittel der Zahl alle zwei Jahre ge- rr^^^ox^ • ^ ■ ■, .^ 

^ ihe States m which there was a 

wahlt wird ; und M-enii Lucken dnrch Nieder- large number of slaves, while they 

legung des Mandats oder auf andere Weise wah- were allowed an increase of Repre- 

rend der Ferien der Staatslegislaturen entstehen, sentatives on account of the slave 

kann die Executive des betreffenden'Staates tern- P^P^^^^ion, were also subjected in 

1 ^ "'^® proportion to an increased 

poriire Ernennungen bis zur nachsten Sitzung burden of direct taxation. 

der Legislatur, welche dann die Llicken endgiil- As the population of the country 

tig ZU fallen hat, VOrnehnien. l^^s increased, the number of Rep. 

resentatives has been increased by 

various acts of Congress. 

Clcmsel 3. Niemand soil Senator werden, der The first House of Representa- 

iiicht sein dreissigstes Jahr erreicht hat und neun tives consisted of 65 members, 

Jahre Burger der Vereinigten Staateu gewesen '^'"''^ ^*" ^"^ ^°" ^^^""^ ^^'^^^ 

11 .,, n ., . ^^T11^. 1 inhabitants. By the census of 

ist und der nicht zur Zeit seiner Wahl Einwoh- j^go, there were constituted 106 

lier des Staates ist, in welcheni er gewahlt wer- Representatives — one for every 
den soil. 33,000 inhabitants. Every terri- 

Ckmsel 4. Der Yice-Prasident der Vereinig- *"'^^' "' ^"'"^'^ ^ regularly organ- 

CI 11 -r» • 1 If. . 1 i^^*^ territorial government has 

ten Staateu soil Prasident des feenats sem, aber ^een established by Congress, is 

keiue Stiinme haben, ausgenommen, wenn die entitled to have one Representa- 

Stimnien gleicliniassig verteilt sind. ti^e in Congress, who may partici- 

/-,, 7 f -TV o . 11 • 1 -r. pate in the debates, but cannot 

Clausel 5. Der Senat soil seine anderen Be- ^^,^. g^^^,^ territories are gener- 

amten wiihlen, audi einen Prasidenten pro tern- ally called organized territories. 



34 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

FUKNCH. ENGLISH, 

du Vice-President, OU datlS le cas OU celui-ci dent pro {empo7-e, in the ahsence of 
exercerait les fonctions de President des Etats- n^e Vice-President, or when he .shall 

, exercise the office of President ot 

^"^^- the United States. 

Parag!f'aj)he 6. Le Senat anra senl qnaliteponr Clause G. The Senate shall have 

iuger tontes les accusations dirigees contre des ^^'^ ««^« P""'^"" *« ^ry all impeach- 

_ . . , ,. , ., . , , ments : when sitting for that pnr- 

fonctionnaires publics; quand il siegera pour cet ^^^^^ ^,,^^y ^j^^,j ^^ ^^ ^^^,^ ^^ ^^_ 

objet, ses nieinbres devront preter sernient on firmation. When the President of 

affirmation. Quand le President des Etats-Unis the United states is tried, the Chief 

sera mis en jugement, c'est le Juge Supreme qui ^"stice shall preside; and no per- 

, , ., . , ""», J / son shall be convicted without the 

devra presider ; et nul ne poun-a etre condamne „ . ,, . , , „ 

r ' r concurrence of two-thirds ot the 

a moins des deux tiers des voix des inembres members present, 
presents. 

I^ara(/)'aj}/ie 7. La sentence, dans les cas de Chvse 7. Judgment in cases of 

jugement de fonctionnaii-es, ne pourra aller au- "np^achment shall not extend fur- 

, ,. , , , ,. ,, 1 • i 1 1,. -^r ther than to removal from office, 

de a de a revocation d emploi, et de J incapacite , ,. ,.« ♦• * i i^ i 

r ' ^ and disqualification to hold and en- 

f uture d'occuper un poste d'lionneur, de contiance, joy any office of honor, trust, or 
OU de profit sous le gouvernement des Etats-Unis ; profit under the United states -. but 
niais la partie condamnee n'en sera pas moins ^^^ P^'"*^ convicted siiaii neverthe- 

.,^,A. . .. •' J less be liable and subject to indict- 

suiette a etre imse en accusation, lugee, condam- ^ ^ • , • j . j • u 

J 5 J o > ment, trial, judgment and punish- 

nee, et punie, conforinement aux lois. ment, according to law. 

Section 1Y .—Para^raphe 1. L'epoque, le lieu Section IV. — Cl^mse 1. The 

et le mode d'election pour les Senateurs et les Re- !™^^; Pl^''^^^"^ manner of hold- 
, ' ^ ing elections for Senators and Rep- 

presentants seront designcs dans cliaque Etat par resentatives shall be prescribed in 
la Legislature du dit Etat ; mais le Congres pent each state by the Legislature there- 
en tCUt temps, par une loi, faire OU modifier ces of ; but the Congress may at any 

d"... £ • 1 r T' time, by law, make or alter such 

ispositions, saut en ce qui concerne le lieu d c- \ / ' . , , 

' ^ regulations, except as to tlie places 

lection des Senateurs. of dioosing Senators. 

Paragrajyhe 2. Le Congres se reunira au moins CUiuse 2. The Congress sliaii as- 
une fois par an, et cette reunion aura lieu le pre- semble at least once in every year, 

,,.11' 1 . . "1 ^ -i. and such meeting shall be on the 

inier Inndi de decembre, a moins qu il n ait, par ^ ,, , . ^ , , 

' ^ ^ ^ first Monday in December, unless 

une loi, designe un autre jour. tl,e,. g^j.^n ^^, i^^ appoint a differ- 

ent day. 

Section v.— /Wa^m^A^ 1. Chacune des deux Section V. — ari/.^ 1. Each 

di • 3 '1 i.' 11 _^„.,i house shall be the judge of the 

lambres sera luge des elections, de leurs resul- , . ^ , ,.« 

•' ° elections, returns and qualihca- 

tats, et de la validation de ses membres, et la tj^na of its own membei-s, and a 
majorite dans cliacune d'elles constituera un noni- majority of each shall constitute a 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



35 



GEKMAN. 

pore in der Abwesenheit dee Vice-Prasidenten, 
oder wenn dieser das Amt eines Prasidenten der 
Vereinigten Staaten versieht. 

Clausel 6. Der Senat soil die alleinige Macht 
liaben, alle "Impeacliments" zu nntersuclien ; 
nnd weiin er zn diesem Zweck vei-sammelt ist, 
soil er wniev Eid oder Bekraftigung an Eides- 
Statt liandeln, Wenn der Prasident der Vereinig- 
ten Staaten angeklagt wird, soil der Oberricliter 
prasidieren ; nnd Niemand soil oline die Znstim- 
nmng von zwei Dritteln der anwesenden Mitglie- 
der verurteilt werden. 

Clausel 7. Eine Venirteilnng soil nicht wei- 
ter gehen als zur Entsetznng voni Anite nnd znr 
Entziehnng der Pefaliigung, irgend eine Stell- 
\ing, die Ehre, Yertranen nnd Vorteil unter 
der Regiernng der Vereinigten Staaten mit sich 
bringt, zu bekleiden ; aber der Vernrteilte soil 
niclits desto weniger der Anklage, dem Processe, 
deni Urteile nnd der Strafe naeh dem Gesetze 
nnterworfen sein. 

Section IV. — Clausel 1. Die Zeit, der Oi't 
nnd der Walilmodus fiir Senatoi-en nnd Abge- 
ordnete soil in jedeni Staate durch die Regiei'ung 
desselben bestiinmt werden ; aber der Congress 
kann zn jeder Zeit dnrcli Gesetz solclie Bestim- 
ninngen abiindern, ansgenomnien den Ort der 
Wahl fiir den Senat. 

Clausel 2. Der Congress soil sich wenigstens 
einmal in jedem Jabre versamineln nnd die Sitz- 
nng soil am ersten Montag im December statt- 
finden, es sei denn, dass durch Gesetz ein ande- 
rer Tag bestimmt wird. 

Section V. — Clausel 1. Jedes Ilaus soil die 
Resultate der Wahlen und die Befahigung sei- 
ner Mitglieder priifen und eine Majoritat jedes 
Hauses soil ein Quorum zur Fiihrung der Ge- 



NOTES. 

As the House of Representatives 
is at present constituted, there are 
four modes in which a State may 
be entitled to a Representative: 1. 
By the ratio of representation. 2. 
By its large fraction. '6. By the 
constitutional provision that "each 
State shall liave at least one Rep- 
resentative." 4. By special law. 
(See Appendix, Table A.) 

Clause 4. 
Those who are elected in pur- 
suance of this clause, are elected 
only for the unexpired term. 

Clause 5. 

See Art. I.— Sec. III.— Clause 6, 
and Art. II.— Sec. IV. 

The power of impeachment is 
the right which the Representa- 
tives have to bring an accusation 
against high oflBcers of government 
for maladministration of office. 

Impeachments are not tried by 
the House, but by the Senate. 

The officers of the House of 
Representatives, in addition to the 
Speaker, are — a clerk, who, with 
his assistants, keeps the records 
and journals of the proceedings 
of the House ; a sergeant-at-arms, 
who executes the commands of 
the House ; a door-keeper, a post- 
master and a chaplain. The clerk 
is required to take an oath or af- 
firmation to faithfully discharge 
his duties ; he also gives security. 
The sergeant-at-arms and door- 
keeper are sworn to keep the se- 
crets of the House. 

Section III. — Clatise 1. 
The two houses differ in regard 
to number of members, mode of 
election, and term of service ; 
thus, they act as a check upon 
each other. 



36 CONSTITIJTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

FRENCH. ENGLISH. 

bre siifRsant pour deliberer et voter; mais iin quorum to do business; but a 

nuHihie iMohidre poun-a s'aionrner do jour en jour, ''"^'^^^ """"b*''- '"^-^ ^'^J"""' ^'''"^ 

.,, , . y ,- 1 day to day, and may be authorized 

etpourra etre autorise u re<iucru- la presence des to "comi..! the attendance of absent 

inenibres absents, de la nianiere et sous les peines members, in such manner, and 

(pie pourra edicter cbaque chambre, under such penalties, as each house 

may provide. 

Pavagra^ihe 2. Chacpie cliaiiibi'o ]H>uria fixer CUivhc 2. Each house may de- 
le reglenient de ses seaiices, punir ses menibres t'^imine the rules of its proceed- 

• c ,.• • T 1 4. • 1 • -k' 1 incs, punish its members for dis- 

i^our mtractions a 1 ordre, et, a la niaioritc des \ , , , . , . , ,. 

' •' orderly behavior, and, with the 

deux tiers, expulser Un nienibre. concurrence of two thirds, expel a 

member. 

Paragrar>he 3. Climpie cliambi-e tiendra un <^''""«<' 3. Each house .shall keep 

< III ' 4. 1 II- 1 a journal of its proceedincs, and 

proces-verbai de ses seances, et le pubhera de ^ ■' . . , ,. , , 

' ^ irom time to time publish the same, 

teni})s en temps, sauE les parties qui pourront, excepting such parts as may in their 

dans son jugement, exiger le secret ; et les votes judgment require secrecy ; and the 

par oui et par non des nieiubres de cluupie chani- y^'^^s and nays of the members of 

1 4.' 1 1 4. 1 either house on any question sliall, 

ore sur une question quelconque, devront, sur ia , , . „ ., , 

^ ^ '^ at the desire of one-hfth of those 

deniaiule d'lm ciiKiuieiiie des nieinbres presents, present, be entered on the journal, 
etre consignes dans le proces-verbai. 



Paragraphe 4. Ni Tune ni Tautre des deux Claused. Neither house, during 

cbambres ne pourra, pendant la session du Con- the session of Congress, shall, with- 

, . , out the consent of the other, ad- 

gres, sans le consenteiuent de 1 autre, s ajourner a .^^„.,j ^^^ ^^^^ ^han three days, 

plus de trois jours, ni a aucun autre lieu que eelui nor to any other place than that in 

OU Siegeront les deux chanibres. v!\\\c\\ the two houses shall be sit- 
ting. 

Section VL — Paragraphe 1. Les Senateiu's et Section VI, — Clause l. Th^ 

les RepresentantS recevront, pour leurs services, Senators and Representatives shall 

. \ n 1 • . ' 1 receive a compensation for their 

un traitement a fixer par une loi, et pave par le ^ , ^ • , , , 

'■ ' r c I services, to be a.scertained l>y law, 

tresor des Etats-Unis. lis ne pourront en aucun and paid out of the treasury of the 

cas, excepte pour trahison, felonie, infraction a United states. Tliey shall in all 

I'ordre public, etre arretes pendant leur presence •'^^'^^' ^^'^'^P*' treason, felony and 

/IT,, . . breach of the peace, be privileged 

a une seance de Jeurs cliainbres rospectives, ni en „ * j • ^i • .^ i 

' ' from arrest during their attendance 

s'j rendant ou en en revenant ; et il ne leur sera at the session of their respective 
deniande coinpte en aucun lieu de leurs discours houses, and in going to and return- 
on des d6bats auxquels ils auront pris part dans '"■''' ^'"''"^ *'"' "''''"'' ^ ''"'^ ^°'' ""^ 

,, , , speech or debate in either house, 

1 une on 1 autre chambre. t,,^^. ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ questioned in any 

other place. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



37 



GERMAN. 

schafte ansmachen ; aber eine kleinere Anzalil 
kaiin sich von Tag zu Tag vertagen mid bevoll- 
niaclitigt seiii, die Anwesenlieit abwesender Mit- 
glieder zu veranlasseii, in soldier Weise und unter 
solcbeii Strafen, wie jedes Hans sie bestinimt. 

Cl,ausel 2. Jedes Hans liat seine Tagesord- 
nnng zu bestininien, seine Mitglieder weo;en nn- 
ordentlichen Betragens zu bcstrafen nnd kann, 
niit einer Majoritiit von zwei Di-ittebi, ein Mit- 
glied ausstossen. 

Clausel 3. Jedes Hans soil ein tagliclies Pro- 
tokoU liber seine A'eibandlnngen fiiliren und 
solclies von Zeit zn Zeit veruffentliclien, ausge- 
nominen solcbe Teile, welelie seiner Ansicht 
nacli Yerscliwiegenlieit erfoi'deni nnd die ua- 
nientliclie Abstiniinnng der Mitglieder jedes 
Ilanses iiber irgend eine Frage soil, anf Wnnscli 
eines Fiinftels der Anvvesenden, ini Protokoll 
anfgenommen werden. 

Clausel 4. Ivein Hans soil wiilu'end der Sitz- 
nng des Congresses oline die Znstimmung des 
aiideren sich anf langer als drei Tage nnd nicbt 
nacli einem anderen Orte, als wo die Sitzungen 
stattfinden, vertagen diirt'en. 

Section VI. — Clausel 1, Die Senatoren und 
Aboreordneten sollen eine Vero-iituno; fiir iln-e 
Dienste erlialten, welclie dnrcli Gesetz bestimmt 
nnd ans dem Scbatze dei* Vereinigten Staaten 
bezalilt werden soil. Sie sollen in alien Fallen, 
ausgenommen Yerrat, Yerbi-ecben nnd Yei-- 
gehen gegen die offentliche Ordnnng vor Yer- 
liaftnng walirend der Sitznng ibres Hauses und 
anf ilirem Hin- nnd Ilergange gescliiitzt sein ; 
nnd fiir irgend eine Rede oder Debatte in ihrem 
Hause sollen sie an keinem anderen Orte zur 
Yerantwortung gezogen werden. 



NOTES. 

Tlie Senators are chosen by the 
Legislatures of the States ; the 
Representatives, by the people of 
the States. The Representatives 
serve two years, while the Sena- 
tors serve for six, the latter serv- 
ing longer, that they may check 
the sudden fluctuations of popular 
opinion to which the Representa- 
tives are liable. 

In the Senate, the States, each 
having two delegates, are placed 
upon an equal footing, while in 
the House they are represented in 
proportion to their population. In 
this respect, the Constitution, by 
giving to each State an equal voice 
in the Senate, without regard to 
difference of population, wealth, 
or dimensions, resembles the old 
Confederation. 

The Constitution does not pre- 
scribe the mode in which the Les:- 
islatures are to elect Senators. In 
most of the States tlie Senators are 
chosen by a joint vote, that is, 
both branches of the State Legis- 
lature meet and vote as if they 
constituted a single body. 

Under the Articles of Confeder- 
ation, the votes in Congress were 
taken by States, so that each State 
had but one vote, no matter wliat 
was the number of its Representa- 
tives. 

If a majority of States should re- 
fuse to elect Senators, the legisla- 
tive power of the Senate would be 
suspended ; but if a few States 
should refuse to elect them, the 
Senate would not, on that account, 
be incapable of performing all of 
its proper business. 

Clause 2. 

By this clause the Senate is 
changed gradually so that there 



38 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

FRENCH. ENGLISH. 

Pamgraj^he 2. Niil Seiiateiir ni Representant Claused. No Senator or Repre- 

ne pourni, pendant la periode pour laquelle il a s.ntative shall during the time for 

, , * ^ ^ '■ 1 • • 1 J ' winch he was elected, be appointed 

ete elii, etre nomine a aucun emploi civil de- to any civil office under the author- 
pendant des Etats-Unis, qui ait ete eree, ou dont ity of the United states, which 
les emoluuients aient etc auginentes, pendant la sl»all lia^e been created, or the 
dite periode; et nulle personne occupant un em- ;^moiuments whereof ehali have 

, * • / 1 ts TT • been increased, during such time ; 

ploi quelconque sons 1 autorite des Ltats-Unis ne ^^^ ^^^ j,^,.,„„ i^^^j^g .^„^, ^^^^ 

])oun-a etre inembre de Tune on de Tautre cliani- under the United states shall be a 

bre pendant la duree de ses fonctions. member of either house during his 

continuance in office. 

Section VII. — Paragrajyhe 1. Tons les projets Section Vll. — CMu»e. 1. All 

de loi avant pour objet de lever des impots, de- *^'^'^ f"'' '■''^*'^'"g revenue shall orig- 

, , " 11/11 1 IT-. ' , ^ inate in the House of Represeuta- 

vront emaner de la (Jnambre des Kepresentants : .. u wt. t. * 

*■ ' tivea ; but the Senate may propose 

mais le Senat pourra proposer des amendeinents or concur with amendments, as ou 

on y concourir, com me pour les autres projets de other bills. 

loi. 

Paragraplie 2. Tout projet de loi qui aura Clav.se2. Every bill which shall 

passe a la Chambre des Kepresentants et au Se- ^»'''^''' P^'*^'^ "'*' "*'"'*' «^ ^^P'"*^" 

, ^11 ..,.», , ^/ seutatives and the Senate, shall, 

nat, devra, avant de devenir loi, etre prcsente au , , .,, , , , . 

' ' ' i betoie it become a law, be presented 

President des Etats-Unis; s'il I'approuve, il le to the President of the United 

signera; mais s'il ne Tapprouve pas, il devra le states; if he approve, he shall sign 

renvover, avec ses observations, a celle des chain- ^'" ^"* ^* "°*' ''** ^'^^^^ return it, 

, ^ M ' ' 11 • 1 with his objections, to that house 

bres dont il sera emane, et celle ci devra con- j,^ ^j^,^,^ j^ ^^^^,1 ^^^^^ originated, 

signer ces observations au complet dans son who shall enter the objections at 

])roces-verbal, et proceder a un nouvel e.\amen large on their journal, and proceed 

(hi projet de loi. Si, apres ce nouvel examen, les ^" reconsider it. If after such re- 

, • 1 1 1 1 1 1 , ' 1 consideration, two-thirds of that 

deux tiers de la chambre s aecordent a voter le , • n „ , ^^ 4.1 , k.-h 

liouse shall agree to pass the bill, 

projet, il sera envojc, en meme temps que les it shall be sent, togetlier with the 

observations, a Tautre chambre, qui procedera objections, to the other house, by 

egalement a un nouveau debat, et si le projet est ^^'''"^^^ ^* ^^•'^" likewise be recon- 

/ ,1 ^. , ill •! sidered, and if approved by two- 

approuvepar les deux tiers de cotte chambre, il thirdsofthathou.se, it shall become 

acquerra force de loi. Mais, dans tons les cas de » law. But in all such cases the 

ce genre, les votes des deux chambres se feront votes of both houses siiall be de- 

])ar oui et par non, et les 110ms de ceux qui au- ♦*''-">'»*'^^ l>y y^'^^ ''"^^ "'"^y-^. »"^l "'« 

^ , ^ • ' ^ ^ names of the persons votinc for and 

ront vote pour OU contre seront consienes dans le . ., i n 1 n 1 » \ 

1 ^ against the bill shall be entered on 

proces-verbal de chaque chambre respectivement. the journal of each house respec- 

Si un projet de loi n'est pas renvoye par le Pre- lively. If any bill shall not be re- 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 39 

GERMAN. NOTES. 

Clausel 2. Kein Senator oder Abgeordnetei- are always some experienced mem- 

soil wahreiid der Zeit, in der er sein Mandat *^'"^' ciame 3 

aiisiibt, zii einem anderen biirgerlichen Amte g^^ ^^^ jj _sec. i.— Clause 5. 

unter der Autoritat der Yereinigten Staaten er- No qualification as to property 

nannt werden, wenn dieses Amt walirend dieser and no profession of religious be- 

Zeit neu geschaffen oder dessen Gehalt erliollt lief are required of a Senator ; nor 
^ 1 -NT- 11' 1 • A ^^ a previous residence in the State 

worden ist ; und Niemand, der irgend ein Amt f^^. ^ definite time necessary; nor 
unter den Yereinigten Staaten bekleidet, soil ein does he forfeit his seat if he cease 
Mitglied irgend eines Hauses walirend seiner to be an inhabitant of the State for 

Amtsfiihrimg sein konnen. ^^"^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^°'^" ^ ^^'^ """ *^« 

Legislature of his State recall him ; 

Section YII. — Clausel 1. Alle Yorlagen ZUr nor is he, or a Representative, iu- 

Erhebnng der Staatseinklinfte soUen von deni capable of being re-elected. 

Abgeordnetenliause ansgehen ; aber der Senat Ckmse 4. 

kann Yerbesserungen wie bei anderen Yorlagen The Speaker of the House of 
1 Representatives is a member of 

that body ; but the presiding offi- 
cer of the Senate is not a member 

Clausel 2. Alle Yorlagen, die das Abgeord- "^ *^^« ^^"^*«' ^«^ ^^^'^ ^^ ^'^^"8 

., IT Oi '.11 11 too much influence to that State 

netenhausund den Senat passiert haben, sollen, ^^ose Senator should be elected to 

bevor sie Gesetz werden, deni Prasidenten der preside. 

Yereinigten Staaten vorgelegt werden ; wenn er Clause 5. 

sie billigt, soil er sie unterzeiclinen ; aber wenn ^* ^^ customary for the Vice- 

. , . ,1 . ., . T-i- .. J 1 President to vacate his chair in 

niclit, soli er sie init semen Einwanden dein ,, c, * ■ ^ v, * x, , c 

' the Senate, just before tlie close of 

Ilause, von dem sie kommen zuriicksenden, wel- each session, and the Senate then 
dies dieselben danri vollstandig in sein Proto- to elect a President, pro tempore, 
koll anfzunehmen und darUber zu beraten bat. to preside in the Senate in case the 

-ixr 1 11 n . ' -r\ -^^ ^ ^ Vice-President shall be called up- 

Wenn nacli soldier .Deratuniy zwei Drittel des ^ • ^i, ^ i. -r. • 

^ on to exercise the oflice of Presi- 

Ilauses der Yorlage znstimmen, soil sie mit den dent of the United states, in con- 

Einwanden an das andere Ilaus gesandt werden, sequence of the death of the Presi- 

welclies gleichfalls dartiber zu beraten hat, und ^®^*' °^ otherwise, 
falls die Yorlage auch bier zwei Drittel Majori- Clause 6. 

tat erbalt, soil sie Gesetz werden. Aber in alien ^^"^ ^'■*- ^—^^''- I-Clanse 5. 

, , T^■■^^ 11 1-1 Ai • See Art. II.— Sec. IV. 

soldien Fallen soil namentlidie Abstimmung The power to try all impeach- 

Stattfinden und das Resnltat im Protokoll ver- ments after they have been brought 

nierkt werden. Wenn irgend eine soldie Yor- forward by the House, is vested 

lage von dem Prasidenten innerbalb zelin Taeen exclusively in the Senate. The 

,c\ . \ • I 1 1 . object of this provision is to pre- 

(Sonntagausgenommen)niditzuruckgesandtsein ^^^^ ^he same body from being 
sollte, soil sie Gesetz werden in gleiclier Weise, both accuser and judge. 



40 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



FRENCH. ENGLISH. 



sident dans les dix jours (les diniaiicheR excoptes) ^"'•"ccl by the President within ten 

, , - , .. ] • . i> ' : days (Sunday excepted) after if 

nui siiivrout la presentation du proiet an 1 lesi- , *',, , ,•' /- ,. 

^ ^ 1 •'^'lall liave been presentoa to hini, 

dent, Je dit projet prendra force de loi, de la i,,^ ^^^^^ sj^j,!! l,^ a law, in like 

nienie nuiniere qne s'il I'avait signe, a inoins que manner as if he had signed it, un- 

le Congres n'en ait entpeche le j-eiivoi en s'ajonr- '^"'^s ^^'^ Congress by tlieir adjoum- 

, 1 1 „ • 4. ? „ „ £, „„ ^i„ 1^: nieut prevent its return, in whicli 

nant, auqnel cas le proiet n aura pas lorce de loi. . , ,. , , 

■^ 1 J I cjise it shall not be a law. 

Paragra^yhe 3. Tout ordre, toute resolution ou Clauses. Every order, resolution 

vote, exigeant le concours du Senat et de la or vote, to which the concurrence 

, ,, , ' T T, • i. ^ / i.' of tlie Senate and House of llepre- 

( hanibre des Kepresentants (excei)te snr nne ^ ^. , * 

^ ^ ^^ , , sentatives mav be necessary (except 

question d'ajonrnement), devront etre presentes on aquestion of adjournment), shall 
an President des £tats-Unis, et avant de prendre be presented to the President of 
effet, devront etre approuves par Ini, ou, s"il les the United states ; and before the 

1 , 1 . ", ' ' same shall take effect, shall be ai)- 

desapprouve, devront etre passes a nonvean par , , , . , . j. 

i 1 ' * ' proved b}' hira, or being disap- 

les deux tiers du Senat et do la Chaiubrc des lie- proved by him, shall be repassed 
presentants, eonfornieinent aux regies et aux linii- by two-thirds of the Senate and 

tations prescrites pour les projets de loi. I^o"-'^^ o^ Representatives, accord- 

ingtothe rules and limitations pre- 
scribed in the case of a bill. 



Section VIII. — Paragrajyhe 1. Le Congres Section N1\\.— Claim 1. Tlie 

aura le droit d'etablir et de lever des taxes, di-oits, <^ons>'°ss shall have power to lay 

. , , and collect taxes, duties, imposts 

mipots et contributions pour payer les dettes et ^^^^ ^^^j^^,^^ ^^ p^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^„,^ 

pourvoir a la defense coniinune et au bien general provide for the common defence 

des £tatS-Unis; inais tons les droits, les iinpots and general -welfare of the United 

et les contributions indirectes devront etre uni- states ; but all duties, imposts and 

, , , , -fs yy . excises shall be uniform through- 

forines dans toute retendue des Etats- L nis ; ^^^^ ^j^^ United States ; 

ParfUf raphe 2. D'empruntcr de I'argent pour Clnme. 2. To borrow money on 

le conipte des Etats-Unis ; ^''« ^''^^'^ «f "^« United states ; 

Paragrajyhc 3. I)c reglementer le commerce ClnvsrS. To regulate commerce 

avec les nations etrangeres, et entre les divers ^'^h foreign nations, and amom; 

is, ^ ^ 1 . M • T the several States, and with the 

Etats, et avec les tril)us indiennes: t i ,. •, 

' Indian tribes ; 

Paragraphe 4. DY'tablir uuc reirle uniforme Clnm 4. To establish an nni- 

pour la naturalisation, et des lois uniformes pour ^°™ ''"^^ ^^ naturalization, and 

, 1" 1 ■ iS uniform laws on the subject of 

les banqueroutes dans toute 1 eteiidue Ues Etats- i^.^kruptcies througliout the Unit- 

Unis ; ed states ; 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



41 



GERMAN. 

als wenn der Prasideiit dieselbe nnterzeiclinet 
hatte, es sei denn, dass der Congress diii'cli Ver- 
tagniig die Zuriicksendniig verbindert, in wel- 
clieni Falle sie nicht znni Gesetz wird. 



Clausel 3. Jede Verordnnng, jeder Bcsclilnss 
oder jede Abstimmung, fiir welcbe die Znstim- 
niuno; des Senates iind des Abo;eordnetenbaiises 
iiotig ist (ausgenomnien in Bezng auf die Frage 
einer Vertagung"), soil deni Priisidenten der 
Vereinigten Staaten vorgelegt werden ; und elie 
sie in Wirksainkeit treten, sollen sie von ihni 
bestatigt Averden ; oder falls er sie niissbilligt, 
miissen sie die Znstininiung von zwei Dritteln 
des Senates nnd des Abgeordnetenlianses erbal- 
ten, ebe sie in Wirksanikeit treten konnen, in 
gleiclier Weise wie dies mit einer Gesetzesvor- 
lage der Fall ist. 

Section YIII. — Clausel 1. Der Congress soil 
die Maclit liaben, Abgaben, Steuern, Zolle nnd 
Aceise aufznlegen nnd zn erbeben, die Sclmlden 
7A\ bezablen nnd flir die Landesverteidignng 
nnd das allgeineine AYobl dei" Ycreinigten Staa- 
ten zu sorgen ; aber alle Zolle, Steuern, Accisen 
und Abgaben sollen ini ganzen Lande dieselben 
sein ; 

Clausel 2. Anleiben auf den Credit der Yer- 
einigten Staaten abzuscbliessen; 

Clausel 3. Den Handel mit freinden Nationen, 
so wie zwiscben den einzelnen Staaten nnd mit 
den indianisclien Stammen zu regeln ; 

Clausel 4. Eine gleicbmassige Form der Na- 
turalisation und gleicbe Gesetze in Bezng auf 
Bankerotte in den Yereinigteii Staaten einzu- 
f iiliren ; 



NOTES. 

An impeachment is a written ac- 
cusation, charging a civil officer of 
tlie United States with treason, 
hrihery, or other high crime or 
misdemeanor. 

Section IV. — Clause 1. 

By an act of Congress, passed 
June 25, 1842, it is provided that 
the Eepresentatives from a State 
shall be elected by districts equal 
in number to the number of Rep- 
resentatives to which the State is 
entitled, and each of these con- 
gressional districts shall elect one 
Representative. 

Clause 2. 

A different day for assembling 
has frequently been appointed. 

The Congress does not, in ex- 
press terms, determine the place 
where Congress shall meet. It is 
provided by an act of Congress, 
that, when on account of the prev- 
alence of a contagious disease, or 
for other causes, it would be dan- 
gerous to the health of the mem- 
bers to meet at the place to which 
Congress shall stand adjourned, 
the Pi'esident may, by proclama- 
tion, convene Congress at such 
place as he may deem proper. 

Section V. — Claused. 
There is no express power given 
by the Constitution to either house 
to punish for a breach of its privi- 
leges, for disorderly conduct, or 
for contempt, except when com- 
mitted by its own members. Yet 
it has been held that such power 
exi.sts ; also, that Congress is the 
sole tribunal to determine when it 
should be exercised, or what pun- 
ishment should be inflicted. A 
similar power has been frequently 
exercised by the Legislatures of 
the States. When imprisonment 



42 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



laragrapne o. i^e irapper la nionnaie, u eu <^<«m«; «. xu wm .iiu«cjr, .^{^u 

'11 1 • • ,„n„ 1 :^„ lato till) value thereof, and of for- 

recrler la valeur, anisi que celle des luuiiiiaies . , ^ ' ^ :, « 

"- , . I'll *^'8" coin, and fix tlie standard or 

etraijgeres, et de hxer I'etalon des poids et me- weights and measures ; 



FRENCH. ENGLISH. 

Paragraphe 5. De frapper la nionnaie, d'en Clause 5. To coin money, regu- 

of 
igh 
siires ; 

Paragraphe 6. De pourvoir au cliatinient de Clause 6. To provide for the 

ceuxqni eontrefont les litres et ]a nionnaie des P'^nisliment of counterfeiting the 

I-, , securities and current coin of the 

!.tatS-Unis; ^ United States -, 

Paragraphed. D'etablir des bureaux de poste «,<««<? 7. To establish post-offices 

Ct des malles-pOStes ; and post-roads ; 

Paragra-phe 8. D'encourager le progres des CIaius;^ 8. To promote tho prog- 
sciences et des arts utiles, en assurant, pour des ress of science and useful arts, by 

■ • 1 ^^ •■' L. i. • i. securing', for limited times, to au- 

penodes liniitees, aux auteurs et aux mventeurs , ^' . , ' , . 

^ i- 1 thors and inventors the exclusive 

le droit exclusif a leurs cents respectif s et a leurs ,.;g,jt ^^ ^heir respective writings 

doCOllvertes ; and discoveries ; 

Paragraphe 9. De constituer des tribunaux in- CUmsc. 9. To constitute tribunals 

fcrieui'8 a la Cour Supreme ; inferior to the Supreine Court ; 

Paragraphe 10, De dcfinir et de reprinier Ics CUfmc 10. To define and punish 

]>irateries et les felonies commises en pleine mer, Pi'-'-'cies and felonies committed on 

- ,.,, , , .^1 the liicli seas, and offences against 

et les oftenses contre le droit des gens ; ^^^^ j^; ^^ ^^,^^.^^^^ . 

Paragraphe 11. De declarer la guerre, d'ac- CUimeW. To declare war, grant 

corder des lettres de marque et de represailles, et letters of marque and reprisal, and 

,,,,,,. 1 < 1 . 1 .1 ^ i. make rules concerning captures ou 

d etablir des reiclcs toucliant les captures sur terre , , , , 

^ *■ land and water ; 

et sur eau ; 

Paragraphe 12. De lever et d'entretenir des Clixise 12. To raise and suppoit 

armees, niais il ne pourra etre affectc de fonds a armi^'s, but no appropriation of 

, . 1 , 1 11 monev to that use shall be for a 

cet usaji-e pour une periode de plus de deux ans ; , - ,. , 

c- L i. I ' longer term than two years ; 

Paragraphe 13. De creer et d'entretenir une CUiuseX^. To provide and main- 
marine ; tain a navy ; 

Paragraphe 14. D'etablir des regies pour le CliuseW. To make rules for the 

gouverneinent et la regleinentation des forces de government and regulation of the 

. 1 land and naval forces ; 

terre et de mer ; 

Paragraphe 15. De pourvoir a Tappel des mi- Chntm 15. To provide for calling 

lices pour faire executer les lois de I'tTnion, sup- forth the militia to execute the 

1 . . . , 1 • hvws of the Union, suppress insur- 

l)niiier les insurrections, et repousser les mva- ^. , , . . 

* , ' •• rectious and repel invasions ; 
fiions ; 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 43 

GERMAN. NOTES. 

ClaiLsel 5. Geld zn pragen und den Wert des- is part of the pnnisLment imposed 

selbeu, wieden der frernden Miinzeu za regeln, for contempt such imprisonment, 

/- . 1 1 unless limited to a shorter period, 

ebenfalls das^ Nonnalraass der Gewichte iind terminates with the session of Con- 

Masse zn bestiininen ; gress, and no court has a right to 

Clausel 6. Die Bestrafang der Falscher von "^^^"""^ ^^''"""^^^ '"^^ ^^^^ ''«''''''^^- 

,, . 1 Tir- 1 ness or propriety of the commit- 

Staatspapieren un.i Munzen zu veranlassen ; ^^^^^^ or to discharge the prisoner. 

Clausel i . Postaniter zu ernehten und gute ^ member of the House or Sen- 

offentliclie Wege lierzustellen ; ate, if he desires to vote on a ques- 

■ Clausel 8. Wissenscliaft und Kiinstc zu for- t^*^^^' ^^^* s^^^ ^^^ ^'°^*^ ^" P^''^""- 

, . , -,,, . , . 1 T-i <• T By one of the rules of the House 

dern,in der Weise, dass Autoren und Eliinder ^f Representatives, no member is 

fiir eine gewisse Zeit das ausscllliessliclie Recllt allowed to vote on any question in 

an ihren Scliopfungen und Erfindungen liaben ; the event of which he is inter- 
ested. 

By an act of Congress, passed 

Clausel 9. Gericlitshofe zu erricliten, welche April 21, 1808, no member of Cou- 

unter deni obersten Gericbtshofe steben sollen ; gi'ess is allowed to hold or enjoy 

y-Y7 7 ^ /-> o "1 • 1 -tr 1 1 /• any contract or agreement made iu 

Clausel 10. Seerauberei und Verbreclien aur , , ,„ „ „ ,-, ., -, o. . a 

behalf ot the United btates ; and 

bober See, sowie Yergeben gegen das allgemeine penalties are imposed upon any 

Volkerrecbt zu bestrafen ; officer of the United States wlio 

m^ „ ,7 -1 1 f • ™ IT- T'' \ • £ enters into a public contract with 

Clausel II. Ivneg zu ei-klaren, Kaperbriefe , ^^ 

, ^ . -r. a member of Congress, 
auszustellen und liestnnmungen in Betreit von 

F -oberungen zu Lande und zur See zu treffen : 

I ^^ ' See Art. II.— Sec. III. 

Congress can only separate in 

Clausel 12. Truppen anzuwerben und zu un- two ways: 1st, by adjournment; 

terbalten; aber keine Gelder zu diesem Zweek ^d, by the expiration of the two 

11 c ^■ 1 'Til -ii. , years, which is the limit of the du- 

sollen aur Janger als zwei Jabre bewiliigt wer- ,. „ „ ^_ ,„, . ^ „ „^„ 

° o ration or a Congress ; tor a new 

^•^n 5 Congress commences on March 4th 

Clausel 13. Eine Kriegsmarine zu erricbten i" «^«^y ^^her year. The number 

J i. 1 1. of sessions which a particular Con - 

und zu unterbalten : , , , . . x. j i, ^t. 

gress may hola is not faxed by the 

Clausel 14. Bestimmungen iiber den Befebl Constitution; a Congress generally 

und die Yerwendung der Land- und Seemachtzu ^^o^ds two, but sometimes three 

tvpfFpn • sessions. The time when one ses- 

' sion of a Congress shall close and 

Clausel 15. Die Miliz einzuberufen, um die the next session commence, is gen- 

Ausfiibrung der Gesetze der Union zu erzwingen, ^^"^"^ determined by a joint reso- 

4 -. 1 1 ..1 . 1 (- . 11. 1 T-i. p n lution of the Senate and the House 

Aufrubr zu bewaltlgen und feindbcbe Einfalle ^^ Representatives. But in every 

ZUrilckzuweisen ; second year the Congress must ne- 



44 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

FRENCH. . EKGLISTI. 

Paragraphe 16. De ponrvoir ii I'orgaTiisation, CUimc 16. To provide for organ- 
;i ranneinent et a la discipline de la miliee, et an '^'"S' ^""""'"S' '"'^ disciplining the 

^ , , . , ,, ... . militia, and for governing such 

gouvei-nenient de la portion de cette milice qui p^..^ of them as may be employed 

poni-ra etre employee an service des Etats-Unis, in the service of the United States, 

reservant an\ Etats la nomination de lenrs ofti- leserving to the States respectively 

ciers respectifs, et le ponvoir d'instrnire la milice the appointment of the officers, and 

,,,,,..,. . 1 /^ , < the aiitliority of training the mili- 

d apres la discipline prescnte par le C ongres ; ^j, ..wording to the discipline pre- 

scribed by Congress ; 
Pavagraphe 17. D'exereer exclnsivement la 6'to!/se 17. To exercise exclusive 
legislation, dans tons les cas qnelconqnes, snr tout legislation in all cases whatsoever 

^• ^ . , , 1 , , T .1, , , . over such district (not exceeding 

district (ne depassant pas dix niilles carres), qni ^^^ ^^j^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^, ^^^. 

poiirra, en conse(pience d'une cession faite par des sion of particular states, and the 

Etats particnliers, et par Tacceptation dii (yongres, acceptance of Congress, become 

devenir le siege dn gonvernement des Etats-fhiis, "^** '^''^ °^ ^^^^ government of the 

,, . , IT United States, and to exercise like 

et d exereer nne antontu i)areille sur tons les lienx .,^,thority over all places purchased 

aclietes avec le consentement de la Legislature de by the consent of the Legislature 

TEtat ou ils seront sitnes, pour Terectiou de forts, "f t'^e State in which the same 

de magasins, d'arsenanx, de cliantiers maritimes, '^^'"^^ ^*'' ^°'" ""^ "'*'^"''"" ""^ ^°^"*'' 
,,,,.. , , -.^ magazines, ar.-senals, dock-yards, 

etdautresedihcesnecessaires;— Et ,^„,l other needful buildings ;- 

And 
Paragraphe 18, De fairs tontes les lois neces- Clause 18. To make all laws 
saires et convenables ponr mettre a execution les '^'^"''^^ '^^^" ^« necessary and prop- 

. , , . er for carrying iiito execution the 

pOUVOirs Cl-dessns, et tons les antres pouvoirs foregoing powers, and all other 

donnes par la presente Constitution au gouverne- powers vested by this Constitution 

ment- des Etats-Unis, ou a nn departement ou a '" the government of the United 

un fonctionnaire des dits Etats. ^*=^*'^"' ^'" "' ''^"^' 'i«P''i'-t"»«^»t or 

officer thereof. 

Section \X..— Paragraphe 1. Pimimgrat'ion SectioxN IX. — Clnnse 1. Tin 

oil importation detout€sp€rsonnesqu\mdc's]i:tats 'mrution or importation of nmh 

Tj , • J J . ,7 T, T .. persons as (( ny of tJie States tioic cr- 

actueiCement existants juqeront bon d-aamettre.ne ... i „.i,-\.„„^ ,. » > 

, , ^ "^ , ' istmg sltall tfaitk proper to (kIduC, 

sera point prohihee par le, Congres avant Vamite shall not be prohibited by the Con- 
1808, viais il pourra etre impose une taxe ou gress prior to the yeur one thousa/ui 
droit sur la dite imi?ortation, ne depassant pas eight hundred and eight, but a tar 

,. , ,, J. jr or dutu may he imposed on sudt im- 

aix aoUars par personne. , ,• ' . , • , . ,, 

t ± portatwn, not exceeding ten- dt)llars 

for each person. 

Paragraphs 2. Le jirivilege de I'ordoiinance Clause 2. The privilege of the 

d'habeas corpus ne pourra pas etre suspendu, si ce ^"t "^ ^^^'^^^^ corpus sJiali »ot be 

suspended, unless when in cases of 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



45 



GERMAN. 

Clausel 16. Fiir die Organisation, Bewaffnung 
iind tJbung der Miliz zu soi'geii, audi solche 
Teile deiselben, die ini Dienste der Yeieiiiig- 
teii Staateu stelieii, zu comiiiandieren, indess soil 
den einzelneii Staateu die Ernennung der Offi- 
ziere uud das Eiriexercieren der Miliz uach den 
JJestimnuiugen des Congresses vorbehalteu sein ; 

Clausel 17. Die ausscldiessliclie Gerichtspflege 
in alien Districteu auszniiben, welclie (wenu niclit 
grosser als zeliu Quadratmeilen) durcli Abtretnng 
der respectiveu Staateu uud Auuahnie Seitens des 
Congresses, Sitz der Regierung der Yereinigteu 
Staateu werdeu und gleiclifalls dieselbe Antori- 
tat an alien Platzeu auszuiiben, welclie niit Zu- 
stimiunuii: der Leo-islatur des betreffendeu Staates, 
in welclieni sie liegeu, zur Erriditnng vou Fes- 
tungen, Magazinen, Arsenalen, Schiffswerfteu 
und andereu uotwendigeu Bauliclikeiteu auge- 
k'auft sind ; — Uud 

Clausel 18. Alle Gesetze zu uiacheu, welclie 
zur riclitigeu Ausfiiliruug der obigeu uud aller 
andereu Yollmacliten, welclie dnrch die Consti- 
tution der Regierung der Yereinigteu Staateu so 
wie irgend einer Abteiluno; derselben erteilt wer- 
den, notig und geeignet sind. 

Section IX. — Clausel 1. Die Eimoanderung 
solcher Pevsonen^ toelehe irgeml einer der Staaten 
zulassen mag, soil vom Congresse vor deiii Jahre 
1808 nieht verhoten %oerden • aber eine Ahgahe 
lann von solchen Eimoanderern erhohen xoerden, 
welche nicht hoher als zehn Dolkirs fur jede 
Person sein soil. 

Clausel 2. Das Privilegium der Habeas Cor- 
pus Acta soli nicht aufgehobeu werden, ausge- 



NOTES. 

cessarily adjourn on March 3d, be- 
cause the term for which all the 
Representatives and one third of 
the Senators are elected, expires 
on that day. 

Sfxtion \l. — Clause 1. 
Under the Confederation, the ex- 
penses of the delegates were paid 
by the States they represented. 
If a member of Congress publish a 
speech which is libellous, it is said 
that he is not protected by his privi- 
lege. 

Section VIT. — Clause 1. 

The House of Representatives is 
more immediately dependent upon 
the people, and more directly rep- 
resents their opinions and wishes, 
and possesses at the same time 
more knowledge of the local wants 
of each part of the country. 
Clause 2. 

An act of Congress goes into ef- 
fect the day on which it is ap- 
proved by the President, unless the 
act itself appoint a different time. 

The object of vesting the Veto 
power in the hands of the Presi- 
dent is to serve as a check upon 
improper legislation. The Presi- 
dent would be likely to view a bill 
differently from Congress because 
of the difference in the nature of 
liis office and in the mode of his 
appointment. 

The Veto power may be useful 
in resisting encroachments of the 
Legislature upon the other depart- 
ments of Government, and in pre- 
venting immature and hasty legis- 
lation. 

N.B. — The italicized clause is 
obsolete. 

Clause 3. 

The object of this provision is to 
prevent Congress from evading the 



46 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

FRKNCII. KNGLISir. 

n'est lorsque, en cas de rubellion on d'invasion, le rebellion or invasion the public 
saint public ponrrait Pexiger. '""^'^^ °^^-^' ^^'i""*^ *'• 

Paragra].>he 3. II ne pourra etre passe aucnne Clanm?,. No bill of attainder or 
loi pronon9ant la inort civile on ayant nii eifet fixpost-facto law shall be passed, 
retroactif. 

Paragraphe 4. II ne sera point etabli de capi- CltiuKe A. No capitation or other 
tatlon ni aucune auti-e taxe directe, si ce n'est en '^''•*'^t ^^^ ^^^^'^ ^« l'"'l' ""•'■^^^ '" 

, i 1 ' 1 . proportion to the census or enu- 

proportion avec Je recensenient on uenouibrenient \. . . , , i- „„f„.i *„ 
1 r meration herembetore directed to 

qui doit etre fait d'apres les indications phis haut \y^ taken. 

cnoncees. 

Paragraphed. II ne sera etabli aucune taxe C^<nfw 5. No tax or duty shall be 

ni droit sur les articles exportes d^ni £tat quel- ^""'^ °" ^""t'^l^s exported from any 

State, 
conque. 

Paragraphe 6. Aucnne preference ne sera Clauf<eC>. No preference shall be 
donnee par rcglement de commerce on de douane s'^en by any regulation of com- 

1' t>i i. 1? 4. 4. „. merce or revenue to the ports of 

aux ports d un Etat sur ceux d im auti-e ct an- ^^ ^ ^, , „ 

'■ ji *'"® state over those of another ; 

cun navire a destination on en partance dun nor shall vessels bound to, or from, 

£tat, ne sera tenu d'entrer, de sortir, on de payer one State, be obliged to enter, clear, 

des droits dans un autre. o»" V^y <^"ties in another. 

Paragraphe 7. II ne pourra etre retire d'argent Clause 7. No money shall be 
d\i tresor, qu'en consequence d'a])propriations <^^''^^^" ^'""^ ^^^ treasury but in 

_ ., 1 • . •! 1 !• ' 1 4. ' consequence of appropriations made 

faites par une loi ; et il sera public de temps a , ' ^ , 

1 ' ^ ^ by law ; and a regular statement 

autre un etat regulier et nn compte des recettes ^^^^ account of the receipts and 
et des depenses de toute nature du tresor public, expenditures of all public money 

shall be published from time to 

time. 
Paragraphe 8. Nul litre de noblesse ne sera cjAmHe 8. No title of nobility 
accorde par les l£tats-Unis; et aucune personne shall be granted by the United 
occupant nn emploi salarie on un poste de con- states: And no person holding any 

„ , . •,> 1 office of profit or trust under tliem, 

fiance sous leur autorite, ne pom-ra, sans le con- ^^^^^^ ^.^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^,^^ 

sentement du Congres, accepter ni present, ni congress, accept of any present, 

gratification, ni fonction, ni titre, de quelqne na- emolument, office, or title, of any 

ture que ce soit, d'ancun roi, prince, ou etat etran- 1^'"^ whatever, from any king, 

prince or foreign state. 

ger. 

Section H.— Paragraphe 1. Aucun £tat ne Section X. — naw*^ 1. No State 

pourra COnclure de traite, d'alliance, on de con- shall enter into any treaty alli.ince 
' , , . Ill 1 1 or confederation; grant letters of 

federation ; accorder des lettres de marque on de 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



47 



GERMAN. 

nommen in Fallen, wo llevolution oder Krieg es 
notig niachen. 

Clausel 3. Hochverrat soil niclit mit Schan- 
dnng der Familie bestraft werden nnd kein Crini- 
inalgesetz soil riickwirkende Kraft liaben. 

Clausel 4. Keine Kopfstener oder andere di- 
recte Abgabe soil erlioben \verden, M'enn niclit 
itn Yerhaltiiiss znr Zalil der Bevolkernng. 



Clausel 5. Kein ZoU oder Abgabe soil von 
Waaren, die von einem Staate nacli eineni an- 
deren gesandt werden, erlioben werden. 

Clausel 6. Kein Staat soil vor einem anderen 
Vorteile in Betreff von llafenabgaben liaben, 
audi sollen Scliiffe, die von eineni Staate znm 
anderen faliren, niclit notig liaben, in deni an- 
deren zn deelarieren, clarieren oder Abgaben zu 
zahlen, 

Clausel 1. Gelder konnen ans dein Staats- 
scliatze nnr in Folge von Gesetzbestinimnngen 
gezogen werden and eine genane Aufstellnng 
aller Einnahmen nnd Ansgaben soil von Zeit zu 
Zeit veroffentliclit werden. 

Clausel 8. Kein Adel soil von den Yei-einiif- 
ten Staaten verliehen werden nnd Niemand, der 
ein Amt unter der Regierung bekleidet, soil 
ohne Zustimmnng des Congresses ein Gesclienk, 
eine Belolinnng, ein Atnt oder einen Titel von 
irgend einem Konig, Fiirsten oder fremden 
Staate annelimen diirfen. 

Section X. — Clausel 1. Kein Staat soil Ver- 
trage oder Biindnisse abscliliessen ; Kaperbriefe 
ausstellen ; Geld pragen ; Staatspapiere ausge- 



NOTES. 

Veto power, by passing a law un- 
der some other name. 

The President has no Veto power 
on a question of adjournment. 

Section VIII. 

Tlie grant of a power to Con- 
gress, b}' the Constitution, does not 
of itself imply that the States are 
prohibited from exercising the 
same. It is the actual exercise of 
a power by Congress which re- 
stricts the States. Powers whicli 
may be exercised both by Congress 
and the States are termed concur- 
rent powers, as Bankruptcy ; those 
exercised by Congress alone are 
termed exclusive powers, as Com- 
merce. 

Clause 1. 

It has been a subject of frequent 
discussion whether the words '* to 
pay the debts and provide for tlie 
common defence and general wel- 
fare of the United States " grant a 
separate and independent power to 
Congress, or whether they are 
used only to point out the pur- 
pose for which the taxes, duties 
and imposts are to be collected. 
The latter opinion is generally re- 
ceived as correct. Art. I., Sec. 
II., Clause 3, requires that direct 
taxes be apportioned among tlie 
States according to their re.spective 
numbers ; and Sec. IX., Clause 4 
of the same article, prohibits any 
capitation or other direct tax, un- 
less in proportion to the census. 

A capitation, or, as it is some- 
times called, a poll-tax, is a tax 
imposed upon each head or person 
of the population. There are two 
rules, therefore, for the govern- 
ment of Congress in imposing 
taxes : 1. Tlie rule of apportion- 
ment. 3. The rule of uniformity. 



•48 CO>;STlTUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

FREXCII. KXGLISH. 

reprosalllos; frapper des JllOIinaies ; eniettre des marque and reprisal ; coin money ; 

billets de credit; etablir d'autre etaloii .nonetaire ^""^ ^'"' "^ "'"^'^'^ ' ""'"^^'^ *"^' 

, . , , thing but gold and silver coin a ten- 

que lor et 1 argent pour le paiement des dettes; der in payment of debts; pass any 

])asser de loi proiion9ant la iiiort civile on ayant bill of attniuder. ex-post-factolaw, 

im effet rctroactif, ni de loi portant atteinte anx or law impairing the obligation of 

eugaseineiits par conti-ats, ni accorder de titi-es de ^""tracts, or grant any title of no- 

f " '^ ' bilitv. 

noblesse. 

l\iragraphe 1. Aucun Etat ne pourra, sans le Claused. No state shall, without 

consenteiuent du Congres, etablir d'inipots on ^^^^ consent of the Congress, lay 

, ., , . ^ ^. 1 , ^. any impost or duties on imports or 

droits sur les mipoitations on les exportations, • ' ^ , . , . 

^ ' ' exports, except wliat may be ab- 

exeepte ce qui sera absolument necessaire pour soluteiy necessary for executing its 

execnter ses lois d'inspection ; et le produit net inspection laws -. and the net prod- 

de tons droits et inipots, etablis par un Etat, sur "^'^ "^ ^^^ f^''^'^^-^ •'^'"^ impost, laid 

1 . , ,. ,1 , ,• 1 i.' ' by any State on imports or exports, 

les importations et les exportations, sera destine : .■, \ . ^, , ., ^ 

^ ^ '^ ' shall be tor the use of the treasury 

a Tusage dn tresor des Etats-Unis ; et tontes lois of the United states; and all such 

de cette nature seront souniises a la revision et laws shall be subject to the revision 

ail COUtrole du Congres. ^"*i control of the Congress. 

I\u'agr(ij)Jte 3. Isul Etat ne pourra, sans le Claused. No State shall, without 

consenteiuent du Congres, etablir aucun droit de "^^ ^°°'^"* «^ Con-ress, lay any 

^ ^ . 1 ^ , . duty of tonnage, keep troops or 

tonnage, entretenir des troupes, ou des vaisseaux i-* - ... , 

» ' 1 - ships of-war, m time of peace, en- 

de guerre, en temps de paix, ni faire aucune con- ter into any agreement or compact 

vention ou pacte avec un autre Etat, ou avec une with another state, or with a for- 

puissanceetrangcre, ni s'engager dans une guerre, ^'=" powt>r, or engage m war, nn- 

,,. ". , ,, ""t , . ; . less actually invaded, or in such 

a moms d invasion reeile, ou de danji-er si imniin- . . , : n . ^ ■♦ 

' o imminent danger as will not admit 

ent qu'il n'admette point de delai. of delay. 

ARTICLE II. — Departement executif. ARTICLE II.— Executive Department. 

SiXTioN I. — Paragrajphc 1. Le pouvoir exe- Section l.—CUo/xe 1. The ex- 

cutif sera confie a un President des Etats-Unis *'°""^'" P""'"'" '^^" ^' "''^^''^ ^" * 

,, . , . T -n ' • 1 r . President of the United States of 

d Amenque. Le President restera en fonctions America. He shall hold his office 

pendant un terme de quatre ans, et, conjointe- during the term of four years, and, 

mcnt avec le Vice-President, uomme pour le together with the Vice-President, 

mcmc terme, sera elu comine suit : '■''"^'^" ^°'' *''*^ ^''''"' ^^^"^' ^« *^'''=*- 

ed as follows : 

Paragraphe 2. Cliaque Etat nominera, de la ClnuHe 2. Each state siiaii ap- 

maniere qui sera indiqu^e par sa Legislature, un 1*°'"*' i" such manner as the Legis- 

, ,,,;, , , , 1 1 <w lature thereof may direct, a number 

nombredLlecteursegalaunombre total des Sena- ^f Electors, equal to the whole 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



49 



GEEMAN. 

ben ; irgend welclie andere Werte als Gold und 
Silber zur Zahhing von Scliulden zulassen ; " bills 
of attainder" oder Criminalgesetze niit riickwir- 
kender Kraft oder Gesetze, welclie Yerpfliclitun- 
gen und Yertrage umstossen, erlassen, noch Adel 
verleilien konnen. , 

Clausel 2. Ivein Staat soil olme Zustimmung; 
des Congresses Ein- und Ausfuhrzolle erlieben 
konnen, ansgenonimen wenn solclie absolut no- 
tig zur Ausfiilirung der betreffenden Inspections- 
gesetze sind ; und alle Einkiinfte von Zollen und 
Abgaben sollen in den Schatz der Yereinigten 
Staaten abgefiilirt werden, audi sollen alle be- 
treffende Gesetze der Revision und Controlle des 
Congresses uiiterworfen sein. 

Clausel 3. Ivein Staat soil olme Zustimmnno- 
des Congresses Scliiffsabgaben erheben, Truppen 
oder Kriegsscliiffe in Friedenszeiten unterlialten, 
Yertrage mit eineni anderen Staate oder einer 
fremden Maclit abscliliessen, nocli Kries; beoin- 
hen, ausgenommeu im Fall eines Angriffes oder 
einer Gefalir, welclie keine Yerzogerung gestat- 
tet. 

ARTIKEL II. — Abteilung, die voUziehende Gewalt 
betreffend. 

Section I. — Clausel 1. Die voUziehende Ge- 
walt soil sicli in den Handen eines Prasidenten 
der Yereinigten Staaten von Amerika befinden. 
Er soil dieses Amt wahi-end vier Jahre bekleiden 
und, niit deni Yice-Prasidenten, M'elcher fiir die- 
selbe Dauer gewablt wird, in folgender Weise 
erwalilt werden : 

Clausel 2. Jeder Staat soil, in der von der 
Legislatnr vorgescliriebenen Weise, eine Anzalil 
von Wahlmannern ernennen, eben so gross wie 



NOTES. 

Capitations and other direct tax- 
es are to be laid by the first rule ; 
duties, imposts, excises and indi- 
rect taxes generally, are to be laid 
by the second rule. 

The power of Congress to lay 
and collect taxes, duties, imposts 
and excises, extends to the District 
of Columbia, though it is not rep- 
resented iu Congress, and also to 
the territories of the United States. 
But Congress is not bound to ex- 
tend a direct tax to the district 
and territories. They are held 
subject to taxation, because the 
power of taxation vested by the 
Constitution in Congress extends 
over the whole country. 

Duties on imports are of two 
kinds : 1. Specific duties, esti- 
mated by weight or measure. 3. 
Ad valorem duties, estimated ac- 
cording to value. 

If imported goods are not to be 
used in the United States, but are 
to be re-exported, an allowance is 
made to the importer, and in some 
cases the whole, in others a part, of 
the duties is paid back to him. 
This allowance is called a draw- 
back. The collector of the port 
gives to the importer a certificate, 
called a debenture, which sets 
forth the amount due for draw- 
back of duties. 

Tlie rate of customs and duties 
payable on merchandise is called 
a Tariff. The list of articles, ar- 
ranged so as to exhibit the various 
duties, drawbacks, etc., charged or 
allowed on the importation or ex- 
portation of foreign and domestic 
articles, is also called a Tariff. 

Clause 3. 

Traffic, or the interchange of 
commodities, and commercial in- 



50 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

FRENCH. ENGLISH. 

tenrs et des Representants anquel cet Etat pent ""ml^er of Senators and Represen- 

1 •. r^ < • 1 o ' 1. tatives to which the State may be 

avoir droit au Congres ; inais mil oenateur on . , , . , r, , . 

" entitled in the Congress ; but no 

Represeiltant, lU ancune personne occupant Un senator or Representative, or per- 

emploi de confiance ou line fonction salariee sons son liolding au office of trust or 
I'autorite des Etats-Unis ne pourra etre designee P^'o^t "°'i*''^ ^^^ U"***'^ ^^^*^^' 

-r^, , shall be appointed au Elector. 

comme Electenr. ^^ 

Paragrajjhe 3. (U n'a pas etc jnge necessaire [Clamed. The Electors shall meet 

a traduire ce paragraplie en f rancais.) '" '''^"' ^^*?'^^'"'^ ^'''''''. "f "^^ ^ 

*■ '^ ballot for two pet-sons, oj whom one, 

at least, slutU not be an inhabitant 
of the same State icith ihetnseltes. 
And they shall make a list of all the 
persons voted for, aivd oftlie number 
of votes for each ; jphich list they 
shall sign and certify, and transmit, 
seaM, to the seat of tlie Government 
of the United States, directed to the 
president of tJie Senate. The presi- 
dent of the Senate shall, in tlie pres- 
ence of tlie Senate and House of 
liepresentatives, open all the certifi- 
cates, and the votes shall then be 
counted. TJie person having the 
greatest number of votes shall be tlie 
President, if such number be a ma- 
jority of the whole number of Elec- 
t^rrs appointed ; and if tliere be more 
than one, wJio have such 7najority, 
ami have an equal number of votes, 
then the House of Representatives 
sludl immediately choose, by ballot, 
one of tliem for President ; and if 
no person Jiave a vtajorUy, tlien, 
from the five highest on the list, tlie 
said House slmU, in like manner, 
choose the President. But in choos- 
ing the Presklent, the votes shall be 
taken by States, the representation 
from each State having one vote ; a 
quorum for this p^trpose shaU consist 
of a member or members from two- 
thirds of the States, and a majority 
of all the States sJuill be necessary to a 
choice. In every case, after the choice 
of t/ie President, the person having 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 51 

GERMAN. NOTES. 

die Gesammtanzalil der Senatoren nnd Abgeord- terconrse, or navigation, are in- 

neten, zii welclieii der Staat diirch Con^ressbe- ''^''^''^ "' *^^ general idea of com- 

scliluss bereclitio^t ist ; aber kein Senator, Absre- m, " i , • , ... ,, 

o ■> ' fc Ihe laws winch exist in the 

ordneter, iioeh irgend eiiie Person, welcbe ein state?, providing for the inspec- 
Anit unter den Vereinigten Staaten bekleidet, tion of flour, meat, etc., the laws 
soil zuin Wahbnann ernannt werden konnen. ^^ *''® ^^^^^^ ^°^ regulating their 

internal commerce, and those with 
Clausel 3. (Man bat es nicbt notig gefnnden, respect to turnpike roads, ferries, 

diese Clausel ins Deutscbe zu Ubertragen.) ^^^-i ^^^ '^^lid and are not within 

the power given to Congress to 
regulate commerce. 

The Indian tribes within a State, 
or in the national territories, are 
regarded as domestic nations, ex- 
ercising the powers of govern- 
ment, but dependent on the 
United States, and holding their 
territory only by right of occu- 
pancy. 

Clause 4. 

By an act of Congress, passed in 
1790. a foreigner was required to 
reside two years in the United 
States before he could become nat- 
uralized ; in 1795, the period of 
previous residence was extended to 
five years ; in 1798, it was still far- 
ther extended to fourteen years ; 
in 1802, it was reduced to five 
years, where it remains at pres- 
ent. 

Any alien, being a free white 
person, in order to become a citi- 
zen of the United States, must first 
declare, on oath or affirmation, be- 
fore some national or State court, 
at least two years before his appli- 
cation for admission as a citizen, 
that it is his intention to become a 
citizen of the United States, and to 
renounce all allegiance to the gov- 
ernment of which he is a subject. 
This is called his declaration of in- 
tention. 

Afterward, at the time of his ap- 



52 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

FKENCII. ENGLISH. 

Cewx qui voudraient s'exercer a ecrire en t^^e greatest number of votes of iU 
'. ■ J J 7 • ' ,„ 7, y,., • Electors shall be the Vke-PrcsideHt. 

y /i(-/ifyt*oo, / i/ii" ' 2J,<^ ij there should reiiutm two or 

sitl/ie paragraphe. j^ore irho hare equal roles, the Sen- 

ate shall choose from them, by ballot, 
the Vice- Pi'esidcnt.] The foregoing 
Clause was repealed iii 1804. It is 
quoted here merely for reference. 
Article XII. of the Amendments re- 
places it in the Constitution, and is 
liere inserted instead of the orig- 
inal Clause. 

Amendkment, Article XII.— Les ifilectenrs se Amendment, Auticle XII.- 

„- .'i- i. i. i. The Electors shall meet in their 

reuniront dans leurs Ltuts respectifs, et vuteront respective states, and vote by ballot 
au SCrutill secret pour le Pl-esident et le V ice- foj. Pi-esident and Vice-President, 
President dont Tun, au nioius, ue devra pas etre one of whom, at least, shall not 

3 . -T' i„„^ 1 ^ ,v,A.v./^ Vfnf ,l^^n c<iG "PliH'tonvs • be an inhabitant of the Same State 
doinicilic dans io mouie ILtat que ses Jiiicc.icuio , 

, ,, . , • with themselves; they shall name 

ils nonnneront dans leurs bulletins la personne a .^^ ^^^^.^_ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^.^^^^ ^^^^^ 

laquelle ils donnent leurs voix conime President, f,,,. ^g president, and in distinct 

et dans des bulletins separcs la personne pour ballots the person voted for as Vice- 

laquelle ils votent coniuie Vice-President; et ils P-esident; and they shall make 

^ , ,. ■,. . 1 ,1 distinct lists of all persons voted 

feront des listes distmctes de toutes Jes personnes . t, i . /pi. 

iuiwiib ^.icD xiot^^o uii3i,iiJv.Lv,o VA I £^j, ^g President, and of all persons 

qui auront re9U des voix pour la Prosidence, et voted for as Vice President, and of 

de toutes les personnes qui auront re9u des voix thenumberof votes for each, which 

pour la Yice-Presidence,etdunonibrede voix ob- li=^ts they shall sign and certify, 

^ , ,, ,, T -fii i. 1 t ft"d transmit sealed to the seat of 

tenuesparchacunedelles. Les Llecteurs devront ^^^^ Government of the United 

signer et certifier ces listes, et les transtnettre states, directed to the president of 
caclietees et scellees au siege du gouvernenient the Senate ;— the president of the 
des Etats-Unis, a I'adresse au president du Senat ; Senate shall, in the presence of the 

, . , in/ 1 ' 1 Senate and House of Representa- 

— le president du Senat devra, en presence du ^j,,,^ ,p,„ ^.^ the certificates, and 

Senat et de la Chambre des Kepresentants, ouvrir t,^^ ^^^^3 gj^ail then be counted ;— 

tons les certilicats, et les votes devront alors etre the person having the greatest num- 

coniptes ;— le candidat, qui aura obtenu le plus ^^r of votes for President, shall 

, , , . -r>'-ji. i^be the President, if such number 

trrand notubre de vuix pour President, sera Je ■ ■, c ,\ , , , „. 

» ^ ^ . . be a majority of the whole number 

President, si ce nonibro rep re sen te la niajorite du ^^ Electors "appointed ; and if no 
nonibre total des Electeurs designes; et si per- person have such majority, then 
Sonne n'a obtenu la dite niajorite, alors, parini les fr.mi the persons having the high- 

, , 1 , 1 1 „ 1 est numbers not e.xceeding three 

personnes avant obtenu le plus grand nonibre de / 

1 • • 11 1 °" ^ those voted for as 

voix, trols au plus, SUr la liste de celles pour les- president, the House of Represen- 

<pielles il aura etc vote pour la Presidence, la tatives shall choose immediately, 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



53 



GERMAN. 



Diejenigen, welohe Uhung im, Deutscheoi hdben 
wollen, mogen Clausel 3 seibst ubertragen. 



Zfsatz, Artikel XII. — Diese Electoren sollen 
sick in ihren betreffenden Staaten versammeln 
und dnrcli geheime Abstirnmnng den Prasiden- 
ten nnd Vice-Prasidenten erwalilen nnd soil \ve- 
nigstens einer von diesen kein Einwoliner des 
walilenden Staates sein ; sie sollen anf den Walil- 
zetteln den Prasidenten besonders und auf ande- 
ren Zetteln den Yice-Prasidenten neimen ; sie 
sollen ferner besondere Listen anfstellen iiber alle 
respective znm Prasidenten nnd Vice-Priisidenten 
erwahlten Personen, ebenfalls iiber die Anzahl 
der Stimmen fiir Jeden ; diese Listen sollen sie 
nnterzeichnen nnd beo-lanbigen nnd dieselben 
versiegelt an den Sitz der Regiernng der Ver- 
einigten Staaten, adressiert an den Prasidenten 
des Senates absenden ; der Prasident des Seiiates 
soil in Anwesenlieit des Senates nnd des Abge- 
ordnetenlianses alle diese Listen oft'nen, die An- 
zalil der abgegebenen Stimmen soil gezahlt 
werden und derjenige, auf welchen die meisten 
Stimmen fiir Prasident gefallen sind, soil Presi- 
dent werden ; vorausgesetzt, dass die Zahl der 
Stimmen die Mehrzalil aller Stimmen der er- 
nannten Waliler bildet und wenn Niemand solehe 
Majoritat hat, so soil das Abgeordnetenhaus so- 
fort durch geheime Abstimnmng den Prasiden- 
ten unter denjenigen erwalilen, welche die hoch- 
ste Anzahl von Stimmen haben ; doch soil sich 



NOTES. 

plication, he must swear to support 
the Constitution of the United 
States, and to renounce all allegi- 
ance and fidelity to every foreign 
prince or state. It is also neces- 
sary that he shall have resided in 
the United States five years at least, 
prior to his application, and in the 
State or Territory where he then 
resides, at least one year, and that 
during that time he has behaved 
as a man of good moral character, 
attached to the principles of tlie 
Constitution of the United States, 
and well disposed to the good or- 
der and liappiness of the same. 
The applicant must bring forward 
witnesses who are citizens of the 
United States. 

Children of persons duly natu- 
ralized, who are under twenty-one 
years of age at the time of their 
parents being naturalized, are, if 
dwelling in the United States, con- 
sidered as citizens of the United 
States. Persons born out of the 
limits and jurisdiction of the 
United States, whose fathers were 
citizens at the time of their birth, 
are, by an act of Congress, de- 
clared to be citizens of the United 
States ; but the right of citizenship 
thus acquired, cannot descend to 
persons whose fathers never re- 
sided in the United States. Any 
woman who might lawfully be nat- 
uralized under the existing laws, 
who is married to a citizen, shall 
be deemed and taken to be a citi- 
zen. If an alien dies after his dec- 
laration of intention, but before he 
is actually naturalized, his widow 
and children shall be considered 
citizens of the United States, and 
shall be entitled to all the privi- 
leges as such, upon taking the 
oath prescribed by law. 



54 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



FRENCH. ENGLISH. 



Chainbre des Represeiitants clioisira anssitot, an V>y ballot, the President. But in 

scnitiii secret, le rresident. Mais, en elioisissant "^'"''''"S the President, the votes 

. - fihail be taken by States, the repre- 

le President, les votes scront pnspar Ltats, la re- dentation from each state having 

presentation de cluu][ne Etat n'ayant qu'uiie seule one vote; a quorum for this pur- 

voix ; il suffira, pour cet objet, de la presence Po«e shall consist of a member or 

,, 1 . 1 1 J i.' J niembers from two-thirds of the 

d un on phisieurs nienibres des deux tiers des _, , , • •. r n .i 

*^ ^ states, and a majority of all the 

Etats, et la inajorite de tons les Etats sera neces- states shall be necessary to a choice, 

saire pour qu'il y ait election. Et si la Cliatnbre And if the House of Representa- 

des Representants re clioisit pas de President, tives shall not choose a President 

1 1 , .^ 1, 1 • • 1 • J ' 1 whenever the richt of choice shall 

qnand le droit den clioisir un lui sera devoJu, , , .u i * »i 

i _ ' devolve upon them, hefore the 

avant le quatrienie jour du inois de mars suivant, fourtii day of March next follow- 

alors le Vice-President exercera les fonctions de ing, then the Vice-President shall 

President, coniine dans le cas de deces on d'autre ^ct as President, as in the case of 

.,, j_-i_ ^- 11 1 r>''i i. T the death or other constitutional 

incai)acitc constitutionnclle du President. Le ,. ..,., „ ,, „ ., , „, 

i disability of the President. The 

candidat, qui aura obtenu le i)lus grand nombre person having the greatest number 

de voix pour la Vice-Presidence, sera le Vice- of votes as Vice-President, shall be 

President, si ce nombre represente la majorite du t^^e Vice President, if such number 

, -,11 -I'^i i 3' • ' • „• be a majority of the whole number 

nombre total des Electeurs desio;nes inais si ^^, •• •' . ^ 

"^ of Electors appointed; and if no per- 

personne ii'a obtenu la majorite, alors, parmi les son have a majority, then from the 

deux candidats avant le plus grand nombre de two higiiest numbers on the list, 

voix sur la liste, le Senat clioisira le Vice-Presi- the Senate shall choose the Vice- 

d. •! rii i. 1 • 4. J 1 ' „„ j„ President ; a quorum for the pur- 

ent ; il suinra, pour cet obiet, de la presence des ,. ,, . , ,• , ^ 

' ' * o 1 pose shall consist of two-thirds ot 

deux tiers du nombre total des Senateurs, et la tj^^ ^^j^^le number of Senators, and 

majorite du nombre total sera necessaire pour a majority of the wliole number 

cette election. Mais nuUe personne constitution- s'l-'^^l ^^ necessary to a choice. But 

n 1. • 'T M 1 -c ^i.' „ A T> ' • 1 i. no person constitutionally ineligi- 

nellement ineligible aux lonctions de President, ,, , ^ ^ ,. . ,' , ,, 

^ -ir T^ ^^^^ to the office of President shall 

ne sera eligible a celles de V ice-President des be eligible to that of Vice President 

Etats-Unis. of the United States. 

ParagrapJie 4. Le Congres pourra fixer I'e- Clanse 4. The Congress may de- 

poque de la nomination des Electeurs, et le jour termine the time of choosing the 

* ^ . A 1 , Electors, and the dav on winch 

ou lis devront voter ; ce jour devra etre le meme ^^^^^^. ^,^^^,i ^j^,^ ^heir v'otes ; which 

dans tOUte I'ctendue des Etats- Unis. day shall be the same throughout 

the United States. 

Paragraphe 5. Nul, a moins d'etre citoyen de C'^'"«<' 5. No person except a 

7 5 1 J 'j J z^.< J z"" • " ' 7' ' natural-born citizen, w a citizen of 

j\a.iss&nce, OU a etf'c ciiot/eii des Mats- Lms a Le- ^, ,, ., , o. . ... .• ^.." 

' . "^ , y^ • • "'^ L nited States at the tune of the 

poque de Cadoj>tton de la presente ConsUhihon, „,7,,^,;^„ ^f fj,i. Constitution, shall 

ne sera eligible aux fonctions de President ; et be eligible to the office of Presi- 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



55 



GERMAN. 

die Auswahl anf drei Namen beschranken nnd 
soUeii bei dieser Wahl die Stimmeti iiach Staa- 
ten abgegeben werden uiid die Vertretiing jedes 
Staates eine Stimme liaben; das Wahlcomite soil 
aus einem oder mehrereii Mitgliederii von zwei 
Drittebi der Staaten bestebeu nnd eine Majoritat 
aller Staaten soil fiir eine Wahl erforderlich sein. 
Falls das Abgeordnetenbans vor deni vierten 
Marz des folgenden Jalires niclit einen Prasi- 
denten erwiiiden sollte, wenn das Reclit der 
Wahl ihni znsteht, so soil der Vice-Prasident als 
Prasident handeln, ebenso wie im Falle des 
Todes oder danernder Unfahigkeit des Prasi- 
denten. Derjenige, welcher die hochste Stini- 
nienzahl fiir Yice-Prasident erlialt, soil Vice- 
Prasident sein ; falls diese Stimmen die Mehr- 
zalil der ernannten Wahler bilden and wenn 
Niemand die Majoritat besitzt, soil der Senat ans 
den zwei hochsten Namen anf der Liste den 
Vice-Prasidenten erwahlen ; das Wahlcomite zn 
diesem Zweck soil aus zwei Dritteln der ganzen 
Anzahl der Senatoren bestelien nnd eine Majori- 
tat der ganzen Zalil soil fiir eine Wahl erforder- 
lich sein. Aber Niemand, der verfassungsgemiiss 
znm Amte des Prasidenten unfahig ist, soil zum 
Yice-Prasidenten der Vereinigten Staaten er- 
nannt werden konuen. 

Clausel 4. Der Congress kann die Zeit der 
Wahl bestimmen, aueh den Tag, an welchem die 
Stimmen abgegeben werden sollen nnd dieser 
Tag soil derselbe in den ganzen Vereinigten 
Staaten sein. 

Clausel 5. Niemand, ansgenommen ein einge- 
borener Biirger, oder loer Burger der Vereinig- 
ten Staaten zur Zeit der Annahme dieser Gon- 
stitution war, kann zum Amt des Prasidenten 



NOTES. 
Clause 5. 
It is lawful for any person to 
take uncoined gold or silver to the 
mint in order to have it coined, 
free of charge, if not of less value 
than one hundred dollars. 

Clause 8. 

An author may have the exclu- 
sive right to publish his book for 
twenty-eight years. This privilege 
is called a copyright, and is renew- 
able for fourteen years. 

A person may have the exclu- 
sive right to manufacture and sell 
any machine of which he is the 
inventor, for seventeen years. This 
privilege is called a patent right, 
and is renewable by act of Congress 
only. 

Clause 10. 
The pimishment for piracy or 
felony committed on the high seas 
is death. An action is done on the 
"high seas," when done beyond 
low water mark. 

Clause 11. 

By letters of "marque and re- 
prisal " are meant commissions 
granted b}' the government to a 
private individual to seize and 
take the property of a foreign 
state, or of its citizens or subjects, 
as a reparation for an injury com- 
mitted by such state or its sub- 
jects or citizens, for which it has 
refused satisfaction. 

Reprisal means a taking in re- 
turn ; marque means the passing 
of the boundaries of a country for 
the purpose of such taking. 

Clause 13. 
In consequence of repeated hos- 
tilities upon our commerce in the 
Mediterranean Sea, by the Bar- 



56 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

FRENCH. ENGLISH. 

mil ne sera eligible a ces fonctions, s'il n'a attaint dent ; neither shall any person be 

,,. ^ I. ^ • „4. '„• 1 c ^,,„«.^„. „ „. „ elicible to that office who shall not 

1 aire tie trente-cinq ans, et reside qiiatorze ans , ^ .:,.., - ., . . 

^ ^ -^ ^ have attained to the age or tliirty- 

aux JlitatS- u UlS. gyg years, and been fourteen years 

resident witliin the United States. 

27ie italicized part is obsolete. 

Paragraphe 6. En cas de deposition du Prcsi- <^'«"^'' «. In case of the removal 

, . , . 1 ' • • • -i. ' 1 of the President from office, or of 

dent, on de mort, demission, on mcapacite tie , . , . . ^. . ,.,.^ 

' ' _ ' ^ . Ills death, resignation, or inability 

remplir les charges et devoirs de ses fonctions, ^^ discharge the powers and duties 

celles-ci seront devolnes an Vice-President, et le of the said office, the same shall 

Congres ponrra, par nne loi, pourvoir an cas de devolve on the Vice-President, and 

,, .^. i.j''- • -L' L >r ^ the Congress mav by law provide 

deposition, mort, demission ou mcapacite, tant un , . ^ c ' i ^ .i 

t^ ' ' i ' for the case of removal, death, re- 

President que du Vice-President, declarant quel gignation, or inability, both of the 

fonctionnaiie agira alors COmme President, et tout President and Vice-President, de- 

fonctionnaire agira en consequence jusqu'ace que claring what officer shall then act 

,,. .!»•.'./ • i> ' • as President ; and such officer shall 

I'lncapacite soit ecartee, on qu un nouveau rresi- ^ ,. ', ^._, ,. ,.,.^ 

f^ _ ' -i act accordingly until the disability 

dent SOlt ein. l^e removed, or a President shall be 

elected. 

Paragraphe 7. Le President recevra, a des Clause 7. The President shall, 

, 3 • . • ' ' ' i- „. „ ^ at stated times, receive for his ser- 

epoqnes determmees, line remuneration pour ses . ^. , . , , „ 

1 ^ ' ^ , , vices a compensation which shall 

services, laqnelle ne devra etre ni augmentee ni j^^j^^^^^ ^^ increased nor dimin- 

diminuee pendant la periode pour laqnelle il aura i^hed during the period for which 

ete eln ; et il ne recevra durant cette periode an- lie shall have been elected, and 

cnn autre traitement ni des l:tats-Unis, ni d'aucun ^'"^ ^^'f not receive within that 

-^ period any other emolument from 

■'^'''^''- the United States, or any of them. 

Paragrax>h^ 8. Avant d'entrer en fonctions, le Clau»e%. Before he enter on the 

President prctera serment on fera Taffirmation sni- execution of his office, he shall take 

. the following oath or affirmation : — 

vante :— " Je jure (ou aftirme) solennellement que .. j ^^ solemnly swear (or affirm) 

je reniplirai fideletnent les fonctions de President that I will faithfully execute the 

des Etats-Unis, et que je conserverai, protegerai office of President of the United 

et defendrai, de mon mieux, la Constitution des ^♦'''*'^^' ''■'"'^ ^^"' *° ^^'^ ^^'* °^ ™y 

■^f f TT ■ » ability, preserve, protect, and de- 
fend the Constitution of the United 
States." 

Section 1 1. — Paragraphcl. Le President sera section ii.—CTj/w1. ThePre- 

commandant en chef de I'armee et de la marine sident shall be commander-in-chief 

des :fctats-Unifl, et de la milice des divers fitats, of the army and navy of the United 

- . . States, and of the militia of the 

quand celle-ci sera appelee au service actif des ,^^^^^i states, when called into the 

Etats-Unis; il ponrra e.xiger Topinion, par ecrit, actual service of the United states; 

du principal fonctionnaire de chacun des departe- lie ^lay require the opinion, in 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 57 

GERMAN. NOTES. 

erwalilt werden ; audi soil Niemand wahlbar bary powers, commencing in 1784, 
sein, der iiicht das Alter von fiiiifnnddreissicr "^« H«"s^ ^^ Kepresentatives, in 

T 1 . 1 , 1 i T • 1 T 1 T^- 1794, resolved "that a naval force, 

Jahren erreiclit hat und vierzelm Jahre Em- ^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ protection of the 
wohuei- del- Vereinigteii Staateii gewesen ist. commerce of the United states 

against the Algerine corsairs, ought 

Clausel 6. Iin Falle eiiier Amtsentsetznng des to be provided." This was tiie 
Prasidenten, Oder iin Falle seines Todes, seiner origin of onr navy. In 1797, three 

-r, . . T TT /•••! • 1 • T -nn- ^ • frigates, built in pursuance of the 

Resignation oder Unfaliigkeit, die Pflicliten sei- ^^^^^ resolution, were completed, 

nes Amtes ZU erf iillen, soil der Vice-Prasident and were named the Constitution, 

dasselbe iibernelimen nnd der Congress kann the United states, and the Con- 

dnrch Gesetze iin Falle von Entsetziing, Tod, ^^^"'^tion. They were the first 

T-, , . , T^ r T • 1 • 1 1 1 T-. • three vessels commissioned for our 

Resignation oder Lnfahigkeit sowolil des Priisi- ^.^vice and constituted the whole 

denten wie des Vice-Prasideiiten bestinimen, of our naval force. 
welclier Beanite als Prasident liandeln soil, der 



Clause 17. 
The object of this clause was to 



das Anit zu bekleiden hat, bis die Unfaliigkeit 

gehoben oder ein neuer Prasident erwahlt wor- provide a permanent and secure 

den ISt. location for the seat of govern- 

Clausel 7. Der Prasident soil zn bestimmter ment, which should not be within 

Zeit fiir seine Dienste eine Entschadignng erhal- ^^'^ ^'°""*^' °* ^ particular state, 

, , , , . . "^ the inhabitants of which mioht in- 

ten, welche wahrend seiner Amtsdauer weder ^^^^^ -^^ terrify Congress or^nter- 

erholit noch verinindert werden soil, anch soil er rupt its proceedings. 

M'ahrend dieser Zeit keine anderen Einkiinf te von I" the year 1800, the seat of the 

den Vereinigten Staaten oder einem einzelnen national government was removed 

j~, , . , to the city of Washington, in the 

Staate beziehen durfen. j^.^^^.^^ ^^ Columbia, a tract ten 

Clausel 8. Ehe er sein Amt antritt, soil er miles square, which had been 

den folgenden Eid leisten :— " Ich schwore (oder ''^'^^^ *" "''^ ^'"^''^ ^^^*^' ^^ "''' 

• 1 , , . • , r • 1 • 1 i 1 .11 . States of Maryland and Virginia. 

versicliere) liiennit reierlichst, dass ich das Amt m *• a • a t ^t^ ■ ■ 

/ ' The portion derived from Virginia 

des Prasidenten der Vereinigten Staaten treu was ceded back to that state in 

verwalten nnd nach meinen besten Ivraften die 1846, and the District is now con- 

Yerfassnng der Vereinigten Staaten erhalten, be- ^'"^-^ *" ^^'^ Maryland side of the 

1 ... T ^ -T -n M Potomac River. 

scnutzen und verteidigen will. „i * * *t, jv 

^ The seat ot government had been 

established at Philadelphia, Pa., 

Section II. — Clausel 1. Der Prasident ist commencing September 5, 1774, 

Oberbefehlshaber der Armee nnd der Marine and May 10, 1775; at Baltimore, 

der Vereinigten Staaten, so wie der Miliz der December 20, 1776; at Phiiadel- 

, o . 11 • -r^- phia, March 4, 1777 ; at Lancaster, 

einzelnen Staaten, wenn solclie zn activem Dien- p^^ September 27 1777- at York 

ste der Vereinigten Staaten einbernfen ist; er Pa., September 30, 1777 ; at Phiia- 

kann von den obersten Beaniten jeder Regier- deiphia, July 2, 1778 ; at Prince- 



58 COIS^STITUTIOX OF THE UNITED STATES. 

FRENCH. ENGLISH. 

merits exccntifs, snr tout snjet relatif anx devoirs writing, of the principal officer in 

It r .• ■■ „*. •! „ „ 1^ ,. „ eacli of tlie executive departments, 

de lenrs functions rcspectives et n aura Je pou- , . ,5 ' 

^ ^ ^ upon any subject relating to tlie 

voir d'accorder des sursis et des graces pour duties of their respective offices ; 
offenses envers les £tats-Unis, excepte dans les and he shall have power to grant 

Cas de declieance. reprieves and pardons for offences 

against tlie United States, except 
in cases of impeachment. 

Pararjraphe 2. II pourra, par et avec Favis et Clausc'i. He shall have power, 
le consentenient du Senat, conclure des traites, byand with the advice and consent 

-, c^ • i. ' i. of the Senate, to make treaties, 

pourvu que deux tiers des Senateurs presents provided two-thirds of tlie Senators 

soient d'accord ; et il dcsignera, et par et avec Tavis present concur ; and he shall noml- 

et le consentenient du Senat, noniinera les am- nate, and by and with the advice 

bassadeurs, les autres ministres publics et les con- ^nd consent of the Senate shall 

,,. Ti/^, OA ii 1 appoint ambassadors, other public 

suls, les iuo;es de la Cour Supreme, et tons les V. , , , • j *«i, 

' J ^ ^ ^ . , . ministers and consuls, judges of the 

autres fonctionnaires des Etats-Unis, a, laiiomina- supreme Court, and all other of- 
tion desquels il n'est pas autrement ponrvn par ficers of the United States whose 
les presentes, et dont la nomination sera etablie appointments are not herein other- 

, . •!/-(' 1 • wise provided for, and which shall 

par une loi ; mais le Congres pourra, par nne loi, , .,,.1111 , * x, 

» ' » t ' r _ ' be established by law ; but the 

investir a son gre du droit de nommer certains congress may by law vest the ap- 
fonctionnaires subalternes, soit le President seul, poiutment of such inferior officers, 

soit les coiirs de justice, soit les clrefs de departe- ^s they think proper, in the Presl- 
. dent alone, in the courts of law, or 

in the heads of departments. 

Paragraplie 3. Le President aura le pouvoir (jiaxm 3. The President shall 
de remplir toute vacance qui viendrait a se pro- '^^ve power to till up all vacancies 
duire en Fabsence du Senat, en accordant des that may happen during the recess 

. of the Senate bv irraiiting commis- 

commissions qui expiieront a la fin de la session ^ions which shaifexpire at the end 

suivante du Senat. of their next session. 

Skctiox III. — Le President devra rendre Section III. —He shall from 

compte de temps en temps an Congres de la situa- time to time give to the Congress 

tion de rUnion, et soumettre a son examen toute "^formation of the state of the 

,. . , , Union, and recommend to their 

mesure qu il jugerait necessaire et avantageuse ; consideration such measures as he 

il pourra, en cas d'ui-gence, COnvoquer les deux shall jndge necessary and expedi- 
Chambres, on Tune d'elles, et en cas de desaCCOrd ent; he may, on extraordinary 00- 

entre elles sur Tepoque de leur aiournement, il ^^^'•'"^' °°"^^"'^ ^'^"^ houses, or 

, . either of them, and in case of dis- 

pourra les ajourner a telle date qu il croira con- a^,,,^,,,,^ between them with re- 
venable ; il recevra les ambassadeurs et les autres gpect to the time of adjournment, 
ministres publics ; il veillera a la fidele executiou te may adjourn them to such time 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



59 



GERMAN. 

ungsabteilnng deren scliriftliche Meinungsans- 
serung in ]3ezng auf irgeiid eine in ihr liessort 
fallende Ano-eleo-enheit einholen nnd er soil die 
Macht haben, Strafsaufscliub nnd Begnadigungen 
fiir Yergehen gegen die Yereinigten Staaten zu 
gewahren, ansgenonnnen ini Falle von " Impeach- 
ment." 

Clausel 2. Er soil die Macht haben, anf den 
Rat nnd mit der Zustimnnmg des Senates, Yer- 
triige abzuscliliessen, voransgesetzt, dass zwei 
Drittel der anwesenden Senatoren einverstanden 
sind ; nnd er soil, auf den Hat iind mit der Zn- 
stimmnng des Senates, Gesandte und Consnln, 
Richter des obersten Grerichtshofes ernennen 
konnen, ebenfalls alle anderen Beamten der Yer- 
eini«:ten Staaten, deren Ernennnno; hier nicht be- 
sonders vorgesehen ist und welclie durch Gesetz 
bestimmt werden wird ; aber der Congress kann 
die Ernennnng soldier unteren Beamten, wenn an- 
gemessen, dem Prasidenten allein, den Gerichts- 
hofen oder den Departementschefs iiberlassen. 

Clausel 3. Der Pnisident soil die Macht ha- 
ben, alle Liicken, welche \valirend der Senats- 
ferien eintreten, auszufiillen, doch sollen diese 
Yollmacliten am Ende der nachsten Sitzung ab- 
1 auf en. 

Section III. — Er soil von Zeit zu Zeit dem 
Congresse einen Bericht iiber die Yerhaltnisse 
der Union einreichen und seiner Beriicksichtig- 
ung solehe Massnahmen empfehlen, welclie er 
fiir iiotwendig und vorteilhaft erachtet ; er 
kann unter besonderen Umstiinden beide Hauser 
oder eins von ilinen einberufen uud im Falle 
einer Meinungsverschiedenheit zwischen ihnen 
in Bezug auf eine Yertagung kann er sie bis zu 
passender Zeit vertagen ; er soil Gesandte und 



NOTES. 

ton, N. J., June 30, 1783 ; at An- 
napolis, November 26, 1783 ; ut 
Trenton, November 1, 1784; at 
New York City, January 11, 1785 ; 
at Philadelphia, August 12, 1790. 

The inhabitants of the District 
of Columbia are not regarded as 
citizens of any State, and cannot 
therefore send Representatives to 
Congress or vote for President or 
Vice-President. They are liable, 
however, to be taxed by Congress, 
because the power " to lay and 
collect taxes " is a general one, 
without limitation of place ; and 
their local affairs are regulated by 
Congress. The jurisdiction of Con- 
gress over places purchased by the 
general government, with the con- 
sent of a State, is exclusive. The 
State cannot punish for offences 
committed there. 

Section IX. — Clause 1. 

This clause is obsolete. 

Before the Revolution, several 
of the Colonies passed laws pro- 
hibiting the importation of slaves ; 
but these laws were negatived by 
the British Government. 

Congress forbade tlie fitting out 
of slave vessels, March 22, 1794. 

One of the main objects of this 
clause was to enable Congress to 
put an end to the introduction of 
slaves after the year 1808, and to 
restrain their importation until 
then by a tax ; but the clause in- 
cludes within its language the mi- 
gration of other persons as well as 
the importation of slaves. 

On January 1, 1808, Congress 
imposed heavy penalties upon per- 
sons engaged in the slave-trade ; 
and in 1820 declared the slave- 
trade to be piracy, punishable with 
death. (See Appendix, Table E.) 



60 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

FRENCH. ENGLISH. 

des lois, et nommera tous les fonctionnaires des i^s he shall think proper -, he shall 

TTfatR TTniR receive ambassadors and other pub- 

lic ministers; he shall take care 
that the laws be faithfully execut- 
ed, and shall commission all the 
officers of the United States. 

Section IV. — Le President, le Yice-President, Section- IV. — The President, 

et tous les fonctionnaires civils des EtatS-Unis, Vice-President, and all civil officers 

,,,,., , / , . 1 of the United States, shall be re- 

seront deposes s ils sont accuses et convaincus de j * « • , . 

t . moved from office on impeachment 

traliison, de corruption, ou d'autres grands crimes for, and conviction of, treason, 

OU dclitS. bribery, or other high crimes and 

misdemeanors. 



ARTICLIj m. — Departement judiciaire. ARTICLE ill — judicial Department. 

Section L— Le pouvoir judiciaire des fitats- Section I.-The judicial power 

TT • i • ' /-I c • ^ ' i. ^ of the United States shall be vested 

Unis est reniis a une Cour ouprenie, et a toutes . „ /-, * j • i 

^ ' m one Supreme Court, and in such 

cours inferieures que le Cougres pourra de temps inferior courts as the Congress may 

a autre civer et etablir. Les juges, tant ceux de from time to time ordain and es- 

la Oour Supi-eme que ceux des cours inferieures, tablish. The judges, both of the 

, . n .- ..VI I'i. Supreme and inferior courts, shall 

resteront en ronctions tant qu ils se conduiront , , , , . ^ , . , , 

'^ hold their offices during good be- 

bien, et reeevront, a epoques determinees, pour jja^.j^r, and shall, at stated times, 

lenrs services, un traitement qui ne pourra etre receive for their services a compen- 

diminue pendant la duree de leurs fonctions. nation which shall not be dimin- 
ished during their continuance in 
office. 

Section II. — Paragraj)he 1. Le pouvoir judi- Section U.— Clamel. The ju- 

ciairesMtendraatousiescas,deloiond'(:'quite,qui *^'"*^ P^'^^'" "^''"'•^ ^'^^^'"^ *^ ^'^ 

.. ^ 1 , ^ .. 11. 1 cases, in law and equitv, arising 

naitront sous la presente Constitution, les lois des ^^^^^^ this Constitution, "the laws 

Etats-Unis, et les traites faits, ou a faire, sous of the United States, and treaties 

leur autorite ; — a tous les cas affectant les ambas- made, or which shall be made, nn- 

sadeurs, autres ministres publics, et consuls;— a '^*''' *''^^'" a"thority ;-to all caises 

. 1 1, . .' ^ 1 . -T ,. . . affecting ambassadors, other public 

tous les cas d amiranteet de luridiction maritime; • ., , , f. „ii 

J ^ ministers, and consuls ; — to all 

— aUX contestations auxquelles auront part les cases of admiralty and maritime 

Etats-Unis ; — aux contestations entre deux Etats jurisdiction -,—10 controversies to 

ou davantage ;— entre un Etat et les citovens d'un '^^'''^' *^^ ^"'^"^ ^*''^' ''^^'^ ^' ^ 

- " party ; — to controversies between 

autre Etat; — entre les citovens de differents two or more states ,- between a 

Etats; — entre citovens du ineme Etat reclamant state and citizens of another state -, 

des terres sous des concessions de differents Etats, — hetween citizens of different 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED SPATES. 



61 



GERMAN. 

Bevollmaditigte empfangen ; er soil Sorge tra- 
geii, dass die Gesetze treu befolgt werden uiid 
soil alle Beainte der Vereinigten Staateii be- 
stallen. 

Section TV. — Der Priisident, Yice-Prasident, 
so wie alle Civilbeamten der Yereinigten Staa- 
teii sollen ilire Ainter verlieren, iiii Falle einer 
Anklage uiid Venirteilung wegeii Yerrat, Be- 
stechunir oder anderer schwerer Verbrecheii iiud 
Vergelieii. 

ARTIKEL III. — Abteilung, die richterliche Gewalt 
betreffend. 

Section I. — Die richterliche Gewalt der Ver- 
einigten Staaten soil ans eiueui obersten Ge- 
riclitshofe iind solclien niederen Gerichtshofen, 
welche der Congress von Zeit zn Zeit einsetzen 
kann, bestehen. Die Richter sowohl des ober- 
sten wie der niederen Gericlitshofe sollen ihr 
Aint verwalten, so lange sie dasselbe gut fiihren 
iind sollen zii bestinnnten Zeiten fiir ihre Dienste 
eine Vergiitung erhalten, welclie wahrend ihrer 
Aintsdauer nicht verringert werden soil. 

Section II. — Clausel 1. Diese richterliche Ge- 
walt soil sich erstrecken aut alle Falle, welche 
nnter diese Constitution, die Gesetze der Yerein- 
igten Staaten und Vertrage fallen ; auf alle Falle, 
welche Gesandte, offentliche Beanite und Con- 
suln betreffen ; auf alle Falle von Admii-alitats- 
und JVIarine-Justiz ; auf Streitfragen, in denen 
die Vei-einigten Staaten beteiligt sind ; auf 
Streitfragen zwischen zwei oder mehreren Staa- 
ten ; zwischen eineni Staate und Biirgern eines 
anderen ; zwischen Biirgern verschiedener Staa- 
ten ; zwischen Biirgern desselben Staates, welche 
Grundeigentum mit Bewilligung verschiedener 



NOTES. 
Clmise 2. 

The words habeas corpus mean 
"that you have the body." 

The object of this clause is to 
prevent illegal imprisonment. 

Any person who thinks liimself 
unlawfully confined or imprisoned, 
may petition a judge to be brought 
into open Court, in order that the 
cause of his imprisonment may be 
inquired into. 

Clause 3. 

A Bill of Attainder is a Bill 
passed by a Legislature, convict- 
ing a person of crimes and punish- 
ing him therefor without a regular 
trial. 

The objection to such a Bill is 
that it deprives the citizen ti his 
inalienable right of trial by jury. 

Ex-j)ost-facto laws are those made 
after the act has been done. 

Clause 5. 
This clause prevents Congress 
from injuring the commercial in- 
terests of any one of the States. 

Clause 7. 
The government of the United 
States cannot be sued by persons 
who have claims against it. Their 
only mode of redress is to obtain 
an act of Congress appropriating 
money from the Treasury to pay 
the claims. 

Clause 8. 

The political equality of all the 
citizens is a fundamental principle 
in our government. 

The prohibition does not extend 
to citizens who hold offices of profit 
or trust under a State. 

Gifts from foreign princes are 
sometimes sent to the President. 
They are deposited in the public 
oflices or sold by order of Congress. 



62 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

FRENCH. ENGLISH, 

et Cntre nu Etat, on les citojens du dit fltat, et States ;— between citizens of the 

les etats, citoyens on sujets Strangers. ^^^^'^ ^^^^^ claiming lands under 

grants of different States, and be- 
tween a State, or the citizens there- 
of, and foreign states, citizens, or 
subjects. 

Paragraphe 2. Dans tons les eas aifectant les Claxise 2. In all cases affecting 
ambassadenrs, autres iniiiistres publics, et les con- ambassadors, other public minis- 

1 , 11 1 -e^, , .. , ters and consuls, and those in wliich 

snls, et cenx dans lesquels un Etat sera partie, a «,,,,, i ♦ *i q 

^ . -^ t ' a State shall be party, tlie Supreme 

Com- Supreme jugera en premier ressort. Dans Court shall have original jurisdic- 

toUS les autres cas SUS-mentionnes, la Cour Su- tion. In all tlie other cases before 

preme jugera en appel, tant en point de droit mentioned,the Supreme Court shall 

) . • 1. 1 i; -i. i 11 i- ^ V have appellate jurisdiction, both as 

qu en point de tait, sous telles exceptions et re- , , ^ , . •., i 

"^ (• /-, *^ '■^'^^ ^^^^ iikCi, with such excep- 

gles que pourra faire le Congies. tions and under such regulations 

as the Congress shall make. 

Paragraphe 3. Le jugement de tous les crimes, Clmise 3. The trial of all crimes, 

excepte dans les cas d'accnsation publique, sera ^"""^P* '" "^^^^^ ""^ impeachment, 

r •. • i. 1 j-i. • i. T 1 sliall be by jury, ami such trial 

rait par lurv, et Je dit lUirement aura lieu dans , ,, , , u • !i, c^x . i 

/^ • •" ' ' , _ •> -^ _ shall be held m the btate where 

1 Etat Oil les dits crimes auront ete commis; mais the said crimes shall have been 
quand ils n'auront ete commis dans aucun £tat, committed; but when not com- 

le jugement sera fait en tel lieu ou en tels lieux '"•"*'^^ '''^*'"" ^".^' ^t'^^^' *'^« *"»^ 
1 /--( < , , . , 1 . shall be at such place or places as 

que le Congres aura desio;ne par une loi. „ ^ , , V ^■ 

^ ^ or the Congress may by law have di- 

rected. 

Section III. — Paragraj)he 1. La traliison en- Section lU.— CImise 1. Trea- 
vers les fitats-Unis consistera seulement a susciter s°" against the United States shall 

i„ ^,, . ' J -• 1 consist only in levying war against 

la guerre contre eux, on a prendre parti pour leuis ,, . ,, '. ^, ,, .*' 

^ . , ^ r r them, or m adherim,' to their eiie- 

ennemis, en donnant a ceux-ci aide et protection, niies, giving them aid and com- 
fort. 
Pai'agraphe 2. Nul ne sera convaincu de tra- Clnuse2. No person shall be con- 

hison, si ce n'est sur le temoignage de deux te- "^'^^^"^ °^ treason, unless on the 
1 A . n , ^ ^ testimony' of two witnesses to the 

moins du meine acte nasrrant, ou sur un aveu en , , r • . 

° ' same overt act, or on confession in 

pleine cour. open court. 

Paragraplie 3. Le Congres aura le pouvoir de Chnm 3. The Congress shall 
declarer la peine de la traliison; mais aucune have power to declare the punish- 
interdiction civile pour cause de traliison n'en- ment of treason ; but no attainder 

,. ii'i' 1 .,«-. of treason shall work corruption of 

traiiiera la doelieance du sang, ni la rorfaiture, i, j * «• •♦ * ^ • 

r^' ' blood, or forfeiture, e.xeept during 

excepte duraiit la vie de la personne interdite. the life of the person attainted. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



63 



GEKIVIAN. NOTES. 

Staateil beanspruchen und zwisclicn einem Staate, Sometimes Congress makes other 

oder desseii Biirgern uiid f reniden Staateii und P^^^^^^ts in return. 
deren Biirgern. 



Clausel 2. In alien Fallen, welche Gesandte, 
andere offentliclie Beanite nnd Consuln betreffen, 
so vvie in solchen Fallen, in denen ein Staat eine 
Partei ist, soil der oberste Gerichtshof ausschliess- 
licli Reclit spreclien. In alien anderen, vorlier 
ervvahnten Fallen soil der oberste Gerichtshof 
Appellations-Instanz sein, mit solchen Ausnah- 
men nnd nnter solchen Bedingungen, wie sie vom 
Congress bestimnit werden. 

Clausel 3. Der Process fiir alle Yerbrechen, 
ausgenomrnen in Fallen von " Impeachment," soil 
vor Geschworenen verhandelt werden nnd die 
Verhandlniig soil in dem Staate stattfinden, in 
dem das Yerbrechen begangen worden ist ; aber 
wenn nicht in einem bestiinniten Staate began- 
gen, soil der Process an solchen Platzen statt- 
finden, welche der Congress durch Gesetze dazu 
bezeichnet. 

Section HI. — Clausel 1. Ilochverrat gegen 
die Yereinigten Staaten soil nnr in einer Kriegs- 
erklarung gegen dieselben, oder in den Feinden 
zu leistendera Beistande bestehen. 

Clausel 2. — Niemand soil wegen Ilochverrat 
vernrteilt werden, wenn nicht anf Zengniss von 
zwei Zengen, oder anf Gestandniss vor offenem 
Gerichtshof e. 

Clausel 3. Der Congress soil die Macht haben, 
Hochverrath zn bestrafen ; aber keine Yernrteil- 
ung, wegen Hochverrats soil Familienschandnng 
noch Eigentiiinsverfall in sich schliessen, ausge- 
nomrnen, wahrend der Lebenszeit des Yerurteilten. 



Section X. — Clause 1. 

During tlie Revolutionary war, 
bills of credit were issued by Con- 
gress, and are known as "Conti- 
nental Money." They were issued 
to the amount of about $350,000,- 
000, and gradually depreciated iu 
value till they became worthless. 

Charters of incorporation, grant- 
ed to private persons by a State 
Legislature, have been regarded as 
contracts between the corporations 
and the States, and they cannot 
therefore be altered, repealed, or 
impaired by the Legislature, with- 
out the consent of the incorporated 
body, unless the power to do so is 
reserved in the original act of in- 
corporation. 

By "Bills of Credit" is meant 
paper money or promises to pay 
issued by a State in such a way as 
to be used as a circulating me- 
dium. 

A legal tender is such an offer of 
payment as the creditor is obliged 
to accept or forfeit his claim to in- 
terest. 

The Supreme Court has decided 
that the States may pass insolvent 
laws, discharging contracts in cer- 
tain cases, in reference to future 
contracts, but not to those which 
are past. 

ARTICLE II.— Section I.— Clausel. 

Four years, the period finally 
agreed upon, is intermediate be- 
tween two years, the period for 
which Representatives are chosen, 
and six years, the period for which 
Senators are chosen ; so that, in 
one Presidential term, the House 
of Representatives may be twice 



64 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

FRENCH. ENGLISH. 

ARTICLE IV.— Dispositions generales. ARTICLE IV.— General Provisions. 

Section I. — Foi et cuiifiance eiitieres seront Section I.— Full faith and credit 
J - 1 1 "C^*.„4. , „^(.^„ ,.,,1 i;^^ «,. shall be given in each State to the 

accordees dans cliaque htat aux actes publics, ar- ,,. '' , ,.,.., 

•^ T . . J J public acts, records and judicial 

chives et proccdlll-es JlldlCiaires de tons les autres p.^eeedings of every other state ; 

EtatS ; et le CoDgrCS pourra, par des lois gene- and the Congress may by general 

rales, prescril-e la fa90U dont les ditS actes, ar- laws prescribe the manner iu which 

chives et procedures pourront etre legalises, et ''''^' ^'^t^' ''''^'^' and proceedings 
, rr 1 ^• sliall be proved, and the effect 

les eftets des dits actes. thereof. 

• Section II. — PanKjrajplie 1. Les citoyens de Section II. — Clause 1. The 

chaque Etat auront droit a tons les privileges et citizens of each State shall be en- 

. , - . , IT -fSi. ^ titled to all privileares and immuni- 

iimnunites de citoyens dans les divers Etats. ^.^^ ^^ ^.^.^^^^^ .^ ^^;^ ^^^^^^^ g^^^^^ 

Pavagraphe 2. Toute personne accusee dans un Clmm 2. A person charged in 

fitat de trahison, fclonie, ou autre crime, laquelle any state with treason, felony, or 

,..,.,. , . .1 . other crime, who shall flee from 

aura lui la lustice, et sera trouvee dans un autre . ^. j v * ^ • *i 

•> ' . , , justice, and be found in another 

Etat, devra, sur la demande de I'autorite execu- g^j^te, shall, on demand of the ex- 
tive de Vfitat d'ou. elle s'est enfiiie, etre livree, ecutive authority of the State from 
pour etre ranienee dans I'Etat qui a juridiction which he tied, be delivered up, to 

, . be removed to the State liaving ju- 

sur le crime. • j- .• **i 

risdiction of the crime. 
N.B. — Clause 3 is obsolete. 
Paragraphe 3. Aucune 'per^onne temie d un Clauses. No person lield toser- 

service ou a un travail dans un Mat, sous les lois «^ <^'" ^^^^ »" <'«* ^^'^^ «"<^'' ''*« 

T T. i^j , 1 ' 7 ,7 , laics thereof, escapinq into anotJier, 

da dit Etat.sechappantdaiis un autre, ne pourra, , „ . %. , 

' . - 7 J shull, in consequence of any law or 

par suite d'aucune hi ou regie de cet autre, etre regulation therein, he discharged 

dechargee du dit service ou travail, mais devra from such service or labor, but shall 

etre livree, sur la reclamation d<i la j)erso7ine d hedelirered uponclaimoftheparty 

, 7/. 7 7-j • J ^ -7 to whom such service or kibor may 

qui est da le dit service ou travail. , , " 

^ he due. 

Section III. — Paragraphe 1. De nouveaux Section \\\.— Clause 1. New 

Etats pourront etre admis par le Congres dans States may be admitted by the Con- 

J^ . . -fS gress into this Union ; but no new 

cette Union ; mais aucun Etat nouveau ne sera g^^^^ ^^^^, ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ 
forme, ou erige dans les limites de la juridiction withinthe jurisdiction of any other 

d'aucuh autre fitat ; ni aucun fitat ne pourra etre state; nor any state be formed by 

forme par Punion de deux ou plusieurs Etats ou ^''^^ junction of two or more States, 
^ ..^ . . 1 T ' • or parts of States, without the con- 

parties d Etats, sans le consentcment des Legis- 3,„tof the Legislatures of the States 
latures des Etats interesses ainsi que du Congres. concerned as well as of the Con- 
gress. 

Paragraphe 2. Le Congres aura le pouvoir de CUuse 2. The Congress shall 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



65 



GERMAN. 

ARTIKEL rV.— Allgemeine Bestimmungen. 

^ECTioisr I. — Die offentHclien Acte, Erlasse 
mid gericlitliclien Yerhandluiigen eines Staates 
solleii in den andereu Staateii voile Kraft habeii 
mid der Congress kann durcli allgemeine Gesetze 
die Art nnd Weise bestiinmen, in der diese Acte, 
Erlasse und Verhandlungen reclitskriiftig werden 
soUen, 

Section II. — Clausel 1. Die Burger eines 
Staates sollen alle Privilegien nnd Yorreclite der 
Biirger in den anderen Staaten geniessen. 

Clausel 2. Eine Person, welche in einem Staate 
weiiren Verrat oder anderer Verbreelien verfolsct 
wird nnd welche sicli dnrcli Flucht de;Ti Gericlite 
entzieht nnd in einem anderen Staate angetroffen 
wird, soil anf Yerlangen der Behorden des Staates, 
von welcliem sie entflohen ist, ansgeliefert nnd 
nacli dem Staate, welclier in deni Falle Beclit zu 
spreclien hat, abgefiihrt werden. 

Clausel 3. Kiemand, der in Dienst und Ar- 
heit in einem, Staate unter dessen Gesetzen steht und 
nach einem anderen entflleht, soil wegen irgend 
inelcher Gesetze in letzerem von diesem Dienste 
nnd dieser Arheit frei gemacht, sondern aitf Yer- 
langen desjenigen, der ein Recht auf dlese Arheit 
hat, ausgeliefert werden. 

Section III. — Clausel 1. Nene Staaten konnen 
dnrch Congressbeschlnss in diese Union anfge- 
nommen werden ; aber kein nener Staat soil in- 
nerhalb der Gerichtsbarkeit eines anderen Staates 
errichtet werden ; ancli soil kein Staat durch Ver- 
einignng von zwei oder mehr Staaten oder dereii 
Teilen gebildet werden, ohne die Znstimmnng 
der betreffenden Legislatnren der interessierten 
Staaten nnd des Congresses. 

Clausel 2. Der Congress soil die Maclit habeu, 



NOTES. 

wholly changed and two thirds of 
the Senate may be changed. 

There is nothing in the Consti- 
tution to limit the, number of terms 
for which a President may be elect- 
ed ; but, as Washington declined 
to be a candidate again at the close 
of his second term of office, his 
example has become a precedent 
by which most subsequent Presi- 
dents have guided themselves. 

The office of Vice-President was 
created in order that there might 
be some person to succeed the 
President, in case of his removal 
from office, or of his death, resig- 
nation, or inability to discharge his 
duties ; and also because it would 
furnish a presiding officer to the 
Senate, who would be most likely 
to be impartial, inasmuch as he is 
elected by the whole country and 
does not represent a particular 
State. 

Clause 2. 

The President and Vice-Presi- 
dent are not chosen by the people 
directly, but by a body of Electors, 
called the "Electoral College." 

The framers of the Constitution 
believed that a small number of 
men, selected for that purpose on 
account of their wisdom and patri- 
otism, meeting separately in their 
respective States, would not be li- 
able to be influenced by the excite- 
ments of a popular election, or by 
intrigue or corruption ; but would 
be independent in their action, 
well qualified to examine* deliber- 
ately the merits of the candidates, 
and therefore likely to make a 
wise selection. 

In many respects, the object 
which the framers of the Consti- 
tution sought to obtain by the sys- 
tem of Electors has hitherto failed 



66 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

FRENCH. ENGLISrr. 

prendre les dispositions ct de faire tontes les lois lia^^ power to dispose of and make 

. 1 . ' • 4. 1 i„. -i. ;,.„ all needful rules and retrnlatious 

et reirlenients iiocessaires coiiceriuint Je ternton-e . , . -^ , 

° , . . respecting tlie territory or otlier 

on autre proprietc appartenaiit aux Etats-Unis; property belonging to the United 

et rien, dans la prescnte Constittition, ne pourra States; and nothing in this Con- 

etre interprete de nianiore a inlirnier aucim droit stitution shall be so construed as to 

J f^^ i. TT • i« "C'*. i. i." T prejudice anv claims of the United 

des Etats-Unis, on d un Etat particuher. i,^ •• ■ . , o. . 

' * btates, or of any particular State. 

Section IV. — Les Etat8-lTnis devront garantir Section IV.— The United States 

> 1 -ri. i. 1 i. TT • -c ' shall guarantee to everv State in 

a chaqne Etat de cette Union nne tonne repu- ,,.,?. , ,. "^ ^ 

■^ '■ tins Union a republican lorm or 

blicaine de gouvernenient, et proteger cliacnn government, and shall protect each 

d'en.K contre mie invasion, et anssi, snr deniande of them against invasion, and on 

de la Leffislatiire, ou de Texecutif (si la Legisla- application of the Legislature, or 

ture ne pent etre convoquee), contre toute vio- °^ *^^^ executive (when the Legis- 

... X /' lature cannot be convened), against 

lence niteneure. domestic violence. 



ARTICLE v.— Droit d'Amendement. ARTICLE v. -Power of Amendment. 

LeCongres,qnand deux tiers decliaqnechambre '^^'^ Congress, whenever two- 

,.",., , , thirds of both hon.«es shall deem it 

le luo-eront nocessaire, devra proposer des amende- , „,, ^ „^, „^^„^ 
J =5 ' r t necessary, shall propose amend- 
ments a la prosente Constitution, ou, SUr la de- ments to this Constitution, or, on 

mande des Lei!;islatures de deux tiers des divers the application of the Legislatures 

Etats, devra appeler nne convention pour propo- of two-thirds of the several states, 

, ' • 1 T. 11 shall call a convention for propos- 

ser des amendements qui, dans 1 un ou 1 autre .,^g amendments, which, in either 

cas, seront valables pour toutes fins et intentions, case, shall be valid to all intents 

coinnie faieant partie de la presente Constitution, and purposes, as part of this Con- 

lors(nrils aurontete ratiH6s par les Legislatures stitution, when ratified by the Le- 

, . 1 T -fS 1 gislatures of three-fourths of the 

detrOlS quarts des divers Etats, ou par des con- ;,.veral states, or by conventions in 

ventions dans trois quarts des ditS Etats, selon three-fourths thereof . as the one or 

que I'un ou Tautre mode de ratification pourra the other mode of ratification may 

etre propose par le Conjrres ; pourvu qu'aucun l'^ proposed by the Congress ; pro- 

, . •^'^^ c • I ' ' Tided that no amendment which 

amenuement qui ]>ourrait etre lait anterieurement , , • ♦ ♦! „> „ 

, , '^ } may be made prior to the year one 

a Tannee mil huit-ccnt huit n'affecte en quoi que thousand eight hundred and eight 

ce soil le premier et le quatrienie paragraphe de shall in any manner affect the first 

la neuvieme section du premier article; et qu'nn- »"'^ ^o"""*'^ ^'•''"'"^^ "^ *''« "'"♦'' 

-A,^ ^ •. • ' i , T section of the first article ; and that 

cun Etat ne soit prive, sans son consentement, do „, . „, . ■. . , „ 

^ * ' 'no State, without its consent, shall 

son suffrage egal au Senat. be deprived of its e-iual suffrage in 

the Senate. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 67 

GERMAN. NOTES. 

alle notigen Anordnuiisen nnd Bestimranngen to be accomplished. In actual 

uber das Gebiet oder amleres Eiijentnin der Ver- P''^^*^"^' *^'" ^^^'^""'^ ^'' '^''"''' 

. , ^ ,''.,.,. for tlie express purpose of votiug 

einigteii Staaten zii treffen und niclits in dieser ^^^ particular candidates, to do 

Constitution soil ZUtn Scliaden der Yereinigten which they are sometimes even 

Staaten oder einzelner Staaten ausgelegt werden pledged beforehand ; they are ex- 

I'Onnen pected to cast their votes for those 

candidates only, and not to exer- 

Section IV.— Die Yereinigten Staaten sollen ""'^^ ^''^ ^'^^^''''^ °^ ^^^^•''^ t^*^^" 

, , „ . . selves. It may nevertheless some- 

jedem emzelnen Staate dieser Union erne republi- tj^.g ^^^^^^^ ti^^t t,^^ selection 

kanisclie Regiernngsforra garantieren und sollen must be really made by the Eiec- 

jeden Staat bescliiitzen gegen Einfiille von Aussen, tors, as, for instance, in case of the 

so wie auf Yerlangen der Legislatiir oder der ^^^'"'"^ ^* ^^^^ «'' "^"'^ °^ *^^^ ^''^^- 

„ • 1 1 .. 1 /f"~n T T . 1 • 1 . didates before the election takes 

Execntivbehorde (rails die Legislatnr nieht em- ^^^^ 

berufen werden kann) gegen innere Unrulien. Each state is secured the same 

relative influence in the choice of 
President and Vice-President that 
it has in Congress. 

ARTIKEL v.— VoUmacht fur Abanderungen. Clause 3. 

Der Congress soil, wenn zwei Drittel beider At the election of the fourth 

Iliinser es ^notig finden, Andernngen an dieser P^'^sident, the electoral votes for 

r^ ,.. , . 11 1 fi ^ . Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr 

Constitution VOrschlagen, oder soil anf Antrag ^.^e equal, and each received the 

der Legislaturen von zwei Drittelri der einzelnen votes of seventy-three Electors. 

Staaten, eine Yersanimlnng bernfen, urn Ander- The House of Representatives pro- 

iingen vorznnehinen, welclie in alien Fallen nnd ^*'^^^*^ *° ''^^^"^ ^ President. On 

».. n ry 1 T 11 TT- c 1 1 ^^ -i ^hc first ballot, eight States voted 

fur alle Zweeke dieselbe Ivraft haben sollen, als f^^ Thomas Jefferson, six states 

wenn sie einen Teil dieser Constitution bildeten, for Aaron Burr, and the votes of 

sobald sie dureli die Legislaturen von drei Yier- t^o states were divided. There 

teln der einzelnen Staaten oder dnrcli offentliche "^^""^ *^'^" '^^*^^'' ^*^*^' "' ^^^ 

Yersaunnhingen in drei Yierteln derselben be- ^ The" balloting continued nearly 

statigt werden und soil die eine oder die andere a week, and thirty five ballots 

lYeise dieser Bestatigung vom Congresse be- """^re had, with the same result 

stimint werden, voransgesetzt, dass keine Aban- ""^ ^^'^ ^'■^^- '^^'^ '=°"^®®*^ "^^^ ''^''^ 

1 1 T 1 '^'or^n 1 . • 1 11 ried on with violent party spirit. 

dernng vor deni J alire IbOb s;emacht wird, welclie -p- ,, ., .-u- , ■ 1-, iTn. 

» _ _ o , v.- v-i <.. Finally, on the thirty sixth ballot 

in irgend einer Weise Clausel eins und vier in der Thomas Jefferson received the votes 

neunten Abteilnng des ersten Artikels betrifft of a majority of the States and was 

und dass kein Staat olme seine Znstimmung seines ^'^^^^'-ed President; Aaron Burr, 

1 . , Oi- 1 i • o . 1 • 1 having the next highest number of 

gleichen Stimmrechtes im Senate verkistig gelien ^^^^^^ ,^^^^^^ Vice-President. 

^Oll. To prevent the recurrence of 



08 CONSTITUTION OF TILE UNITED STATES. 

FRENCH. ENGLISH. 

ARTICLE VI. — Dispositions diverses. ARTICLE VI. — Miscellaneous Provi- 



sions. 



ParagrapJie 1. Tontes les dettes coiitractees, Clause 1. All debts contracted, 

et tons les engagements pris avant I'adoption de ^nd engagements entered into, be- 

, ' i /-( ^'i. i.' „.^. 4. , .„• „rj fore the adoption of this Constitii- 

a pi-csente Constitution, seront anssi valides ^. , ,, / ,., . ,„ 

i^ _^ ' tion, shall be as valid against the 

contre les Etats-Unis sous Tempire de la dite united states nnder this Constitu- 

ConstitUtion, que sous la Confederation. tion, as nnder the Confederation. 

ParagrapJie 2. La prcsente Constitution, et CUmse 2. This Constitution, and 

les lois des Etats-Unis qui seront faites en eonse- *l^« laws of the United States which 

, . . r^ ^-^ ^- . . 1 . •^' shall be made in pursuance there- 

quence de cette Constitution, et tons Jes traites „ j ,, * .• i , ■ , 

vjiiv^ii^v^ ' ^ ^ of ; and all treaties made, or which 

faits ou a faire sous Tautorite des Etats-Unis, shall be made, under the authority 

seront la loi supreme du pays; et les juges de of the United states, shall be the 

chaque Etat seront lies par cette loi; nonobstant s"P'eme law of the land; and the 

,. . . , . , 1 /^ ^'i i' judges in ever3' State shall be bound 

toute disposition contraire dans la Constitution thereby, any thing in the Constitn- 

OU les lois d'uil Etat quelconque. tion or laws of any state to the con- 
trary notwithstanding. 



ParagrapheZ. Les Senateurs etReprosentants f^«"^<' 3. The Senators and- 

.. ' ,1 1 1 T ,^T' Representatives before mentioned, 

sus-mentionnes, et ies meinbres des diverses Le- ' 

^ . , and the members of the several 

gislatures d'Etat, et tons les fonetionnaires exe- ^^^^^ Legislatures, and all execu- 

eiitifs et judidaires, tant des Etats-Unis que des tive and judicial officers, both of 

divers :&tats, seront tenus, par serment ou afRr- tl'^ United states and of the sev- 

. • 1 . • 1 ' , /^^„„i.:i.„4.' ., . eral States, shall be bound by oath 

mation, de soutenir la presente Constitution ; ^ . , . „ 

' ' or affirmation to support this Con- 

mais aucune qualihcation religieuse ne sera re- stitution; but no religious test shall 

quise COmme titre a un emploi ou pOSte public ever be required as a qualification 

sous les EtatS-Uuis. to any office or public trust under 

the United States. 

ARTICLE VII.— Ratification de la Constitution. ARTICLE VII.-Ratification of the 

Constitution. 

La ratification par les Conventions de neuf The ratification of the conven- 

Etats suffira pour retablissement de la presente *j''"'^^f "J,"^ ^^f^l fl""_/"', '|'^ 
Constitution entre les fitats qui Tauront ainsi 



ficient for the establishment of this 
Constitution between the States so 



ratlliee. ratifying the same. 

Fait en convention, par le consentement unanime Done in convention, by the un- 
des :fctat8 presents, le dix-septieme jour de sep- animous consent of the states 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



69 



GEKMAN. 

ARTIEEL VI. — Verschiedene Bestimmungen. 

Clausel 1. Alle Scliulden nnd Yerbindliclikei- 
ten, welche vor Annaiuue dieser Constitution ein- 
gesansen sind, sollen dieselbe ]A.eclitso;iiltio:keit 
tj-esen die Vereinigten Staaten iinter dieser Con- 
stitution, wie gegen die friilieie Confederation 
liaben. 

Clausel 2. Diese Constitution nnd die Gesetze 
der Yereinigten Staaten, welche in Folge dersel- 
ben erlassen werden sollen, ebenfalls alle bislieri- 
gen und zukiinftigen Yertrage, welche unter Zu- 
stinimung der Yereinigten Staaten abgeschlossen 
werden sollen, sollen die oberste Rechtsgrundlage 
des Landes bilden und die Richter in irgend 
einem Staate sollen daran gebunden sein, unbe- 
schadet der etwa daniit in Widerspruch stehenden 
Yerfassung oder Gesetze der einzelnen Staaten. 

Clausd 3. Die Senatoren und Abgeordneten, 
so wie die Mitglieder der verschiedenen Staats- 
legislaturen, eben so wie alle Gerichts- und Civil- 
beamten der Yereinigten Staaten und der ein- 
zelnen Staaten, sollen durcli Eid gehalten sein, 
diese Constitution aufrecht zu erhalten ; aber der 
religiose Glanbe soil nichts mit einer Befahigung 
zu einem Arate oder offentlichen Yertrauenspos- 
ten unter den Yereinigten Staaten zu thun lia- 
ben. 

ARTIKEjL VII.— Bestatigung der Constitution. 

Die Bestatigung der " Conventionen" von 
neun Staaten soil geniigend sein, urn diese Yer- 
fassung zwisehen den zustimmenden Staaten in 
Wirksainkeit treten zu lassen. 

So geschehen in Yersammlung laut einstimmigen 
Beschlusses der anwesenden Staaten, am 17 



NOTES. 

SHch a state of things, Congress, on 
December 12, 1803, proposed to 
the Legislatures of the States au 
amendment to this part of the Con- 
stitution, wliich was adopted by 
three-fourths of the States, and 
was proclaimed by the President 
as a part of the Constitution, Sep- 
tember 25, 1804, and therefore 
takes the place of the original 
clause as the Twelfth Amendment 
to the Constitution. 

The amendment still leaves with 
Congress the right to elect a Pres- 
ident and Vice-President, where 
there is no election by the people ; 
but it changes the mode of proce- 
dure. The principal alterations are 
the following: The Electors, instead 
of voting generally for two persons, 
are to vote for one person for Pres- 
ident and one person for Vice-Pres- 
ident in distinct ballots, and sep- 
arate lists of the persons voted for 
as President and as Vice-President 
are to be sent to the seat of govern- 
ment. 

If no person have a majority', the 
House of Representatives are to 
elect a President from the three 
highest persons on the list of those 
voted for as President, instead of 
the five highest, as in the original 
Article. If the House of Represen- 
tatives, whenever the choice of a 
President shall devolve upon them, 
shall fail to choose a President be- 
fore the fourth day of March next 
following, the Vice-President shall 
act as President, as in case of the 
death or other constitutional dis- 
ability of the President. There 
was no provision similar to this in 
the original Article. 

As the Constitution at first stood. 
a Vice-President could not be de- 
signated until after the President 



70 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



FRENCH. 

tenibre, en Tan de iiotre Seigneur mil sept-cent 
quatre-vingt sept, et la douzieine annee de ITn- 
dependance des Etats-Unis d'Amerique. 

En foi de quoi, nous avons appose ci-apres nos 
signatures. 

George Washington, 
President, et Depute de la Virginie. 



ENGLISH. 

present, the seventeenth d<ay of 
September, iu the year of our 
Lord one thousand seven hun- 
dred and eighty-seven, and of 
the Independence of the United 
States of America the twelfth. 
In witness whereof, we have here- 
unto subscribed our names. 

Geoiige Wasiiixgton, 
Presklent, and Deputy of 
Virginui. 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
John Langdon, 
N'icHOLAs Oilman. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 
Nathaniel Gokham, 
RUFUS King. 



CONNECTICUT. 
WiLUAM Samuel Johnson, 
ilOGER Sherman. 

NEW YORK. 
Alexander Hamilton. 

Pour atuster 



NEW JERSEY. 
William Livingston, 
David IJuearley, 
William Pateiwon, 
Jonathan Dayton. 



PENNSYLVANIA. 
Benjamin Franklin, 
Tho»l\s Mifflin, 
Robert Morris, 
George Clymer, 
Thomas Fitzsimons, 
Jared Inoersoll, 
James Wilson, 

GoUVERNEtTR MORRIS. 



DELAWARE. 
George Heed, 
Gunning Bedford, Jr., 
JoHS Dickinson, 
Richard Bassett, 
Jacob Broom. 

MARYLAND. 
James McHenry. 
Daniel of St. Thomas 

Jenifer, 
Daniel Carroll. 

VIRGINIA. 
John Blair, 
James Madison, Jk. 



William Jackson, Secretaire. 



NORTH CAROLINA. 
William Blount. 
Richard Dobbs Spaioht, 
Hugh Williamson. 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 
John Rutledoe, 
Charles C. riNCKNEY, 
Charles 1'inckney, 
Pierce Bdtleb. 



GEORGIA. 
William Few, 
Abraham Baldwin. 
William Jackson, Secretary. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



71 



GERMAN. 



September, 1787, und iin zwolften Jalire der 
Unabliaiigigkeit der Vereinigteii Staateii von 
Auierika. 



Zuin Zeugniss dessen liaben wir iinsere Namen 
uiiterzeiclmet. 

George Washington, 
Prdsident und Ahgeordneter von Virginia. 

Zar Beglaubigung : William Jackson, Secretd?'. 



notes. 

had been elected by the House of 
Representatives. The amendment 
allows the Senate to proceed at once 
and choose a Vice-President from 
the two highest numbers on the list 
of i^ersons voted for as Vice-Presi- 
dent ; two-thirds of the Senators 
constitute a quorum for this pur- 
pose, and a majority of the whole 
number is necessary to a choice. 
The votes of the Senate in choos- 
ing a Vice-President are not takerx 
by States, as the votes of the House 
are in choosing a President, but 
each Senator has one vote. 

It is also declared by the amend- 
ment that a i^erson who is constitu- 
tionally ineligible to the office of 
President shall be also ineligible to 
that of Vice-President. This is be- 
cause the Vice-President may be 
called upon to act as President. 

Since the adoption of thi^ amend- 
ment, there has been one electior- 
of President by the House of Rep- 
resentatives. At the election for 
the tenth Presidential term, com- 
mencing March 4, 1825, Joliu C. 
Calhoun was chosenVice-President, 
but there was no election of Presi- 
dent by the Electors. It therefore 
devolved on the House of Repre- 
sentatives to choose a President 
from the three highest on the list 
of candidates for the Presidency, 
who were Andrew Jackson, John 
Quincy Adams and William H. 
Crawford. John Quincy Adams 
received a majority of the votes of 
the States and was consequently 
declared elected by the House. 

Clause 4. 

The Choice of Electors is usually 
called the Presidential Election. 

By an act, passed January 23, 
1845, Congress declared that the 



72 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



NOTES. 



Electors shall be appointed in each 
State on the Tuesday next after the 
first Monday of November of the 
year in which they are to be ap- 
pointed ; also tliat each State may 
provide by law for lilliug vacancies 
in its College of Electors, when 
such College meets to give its elec- 
toral votes ; and that when any 
State shall have held an election 
for the purpose of choosing Electors 
and shall- fail to make a choice on 
the day above mentioned, the Elec- 
tors may be appointed on a subse- 
quent day. in such manner as the 
State may by law provide. 

Ckin.se 5. 

The residence required by the 
Constitution does not preclude a 
temporary sojourn in foreign coun- 
tries. See Appendix, Table B. 
CUttise G. 

Congress, in 1792, enacted that in 
case of the removal, deatli, resigna- 
tion or inability both of the Presi- 
dent and Vice-President, the presi- 
dent of the Senate, and in case there 
shall be no president of the Senate, 
the Speaker of the House of Repre- 
sentatives, shall act as President 
until the disability be removed or 
a President shall be elected. 

Under the law of 1792, the coun- 
try was exposed to the evils of a 
special election. The administra- 
tion might pass from one political 
party to another against the will of 
the people •; but the most serious 
defect in it was tlnit it might leave 
the country without a designated 
successor to the Presidency. 

In 1886, in case of the removal, 
death, resignation or inability of 
both the President and the Vice- 
President, the succession was vest- 
ed in the members of the Cabinet 



in the following order : — Secretary 
of State, Secretary of the Treasury, 
Secretary of War, Attorney Gen- 
eral, Postmaster General, Secretary 
of the Navy, Secietary of the In- 
terior. In case the duties of the 
office devolve upon any member of 
the Cabinet, he is to act as Presi- 
dent until the disability is removed, 
or a new President is regularly 
elected. There is to be no special 
election. 

A foreign-born Secretary is barred 
from the succession, which, in such 
event, would pass to the next in 
line. 

Clause 7. 

By an act of Congress passed in 
1793, the salary of the President 
was fixed at the annual rate of 
$2r),0()(), togetlier with the use of 
the Presidential mansion and its 
furniture. During Grant's admin- 
istration, the President's salary was 
increased to $50,000. 

The salary of the Vice-President 
•was first fixed at the annual rate of 
$8,000. It was also increased. 

Section II. — Clause 2. 

A rule of the Senate requires that 
all information or remaiks, con- 
cerning the character or qualifica- 
tions of any person nominated by 
the President, shall be kept secret. 

An appointment is not complete 
and the nominee as an officer has 
no legal rights conferred upon Ijim 
until a commission has been signed 
by the President. 

The commission is a formal cer- 
tificate of the appointment, signed 
by the President and sealed by the 
Secretary of State with the seal of ' 
the United States, which is deliv- 
ere<l to the person ap])ointed. Ac- 
tual delivery of the commission, 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



73 



NOTES. 



after it has been signed by the Pre- 
sident, is not absolutely necessary ; 
nor, if lost or destroyed, would the 
appointment be void. The salary 
is paid from the date of the com- 
mission. 

The power of removal has, since 
the Congress of 1789, which after 
thorough discussion sustained the 
right, been exercised by the Presi- 
dent alone. 

The power of the President to 
remove an officer from the public 
service extends to all officers in the 
army and navy, as well as to civil 
officers. 

The persons and household goods 
of foreign ainbassadoi's or public 
ministers are, by the law of nations, 
exempt from arrest or seizure ; nor 
are ambassadors responsible to the 
civil or criminal laws of the coun- 
try to which they are sent ; but 
consuls are regarded merely as com- 
mercial agents and are generally 
subject, in civil and criminal cases, 
to the laws of the country where 
they reside. 

Section III. 

From the first part of this clause 
has originated the practice of the 
President to send a written message 
concerning public affairs to Con- 
gress annually, and special mes- 
sages at other times. The first two 
Presidents, Washington and Ad- 
ams, used to meet both I^ouses of 
Congress in person and deliver ad- 
dresses to them concerning national 
affairs. This practice was discon- 
tinued by Jefferson upon the oc- 
casion of his first annual message, 
and written messages have taken 
the place of such speeches. 

Consuls are not mentioned in this 
clause by name, but they have been 



considered as included. Foreign 
ministers must present their creden- 
tials to the President, which must 
receive his allowance or exequatur^ 
as it is called, before they can per- 
form any official act. 

Section IV. 

See Appendix, Table C. 

See Art. I. — Sec. I. — Clause 5. 

See Art. I. — Sec. III. — Clause 6. 

The persons chiefly meant be- 
sides President and Vice-President, 
are Heads of Departments, Judges 
of the Supreme Court, Marshals, 
Collectors, District Attorneys, etc. 

Members of the Senate and House 
of Representatives are not liable to 
impeachment, as they hold their 
appointment under the State or 
from the people they represent, and 
not from the national government. 

The President, in all cases where 
his official authority and duty are 
not brought in question, is merely a 
private citizen, subject to the usual 
duties and obligations of a citizen. 
If his testimony is necessary in any 
case, he may be subpoenaed into 
court and examined as a witness, 
and may be required to produce 
papers just as any other citizen, 
unless the papers relate to State 
affairs which should not be dis- 
closed. 

Article III. — Section I. 

A Supreme Court is essential to 
insure uniformity in the interpreta- 
tion of the laws. 

Prior to the adoption of the Con- 
stitution, the people of the United 
States had no national tribunal to 
which they could resort for justice. 
The administration of justice was 
confined to the State Courts, in 



7J: 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



NOTES. 



which the people of other States 
had uo participation. 
See Art. II.— Sec. II.— Clause 3. 

Section II. — Clause 1. 

Shortly after tlie adoption of the 
Constitution, there was much dis- 
cussion whether this clause includ- 
ed suits by an individual against a 
State as well as suits by a State 
against an individual. The Su- 
preme Court decided that both 
classes of suits were e([ually in- 
cluded within the language of the 
Constitution. 

The States were dissatisfied with 
this construction ; they were un- 
willing to be subjected to lawsuits 
by the citizens of other States, 
deeming it an attribute of their 
sovereignty that tliey could not be 
sued without their consent. Ac- 
cordingly an amendment to the 
Constitution in this respect w.is pro- 
posed by the Third Congress to the 
Legislatures of the States, and on 
the 8tli of January, 1798, President 
Adams communicated to Congress, 
by message, that the amendment 
had been adopted by three-fourths 
of the States, and it then became a 
part of the Constitution, forming 
the Eleventh Amendment, which 
see. 

C'ldfise 2. 

By the original jurisdiction of a 
court is meant that jurisdiction 
which is conferred upon a court in 
the first instance ; appellate juris- 
diction is exercised by a court to 
which an appeal is taken from the 
judgment of another court. 

Jurisdiction is also concurrent or 
e.\cUisive. It is concurrent when 
it may be exercised by either one 
of two or more courts ; it is exclus- 



ive when it may be exercised by 
only one court. 

Clcntse 3. 

The object of this provision is to 
prevent the accused from being 
subjected to unnecessary expense 
and difficulty in procuring testi- 
mony, and to secure to him the ad- 
vantage of bein^ tried where the 
facts are most likely to be known. 

Impeachments are tried by the 
Senate. 

Section III. — Clause 1. 

An act of Congress, p;issed in 1 790, 
declares that the punishment of 
treason shall be death by hanging, 
without corruption of blood or for- 
feiture of estate. A knowledge and 
concealment of treason, without as- 
senting to it, is termed misprisiou 
of treason. 

An attainder of treason is a con- 
viction of the crime of treason. 

One whose blood is corrupted 
cannot inherit property from others 
nor transmit an inheritance to his 
children ; his blood ceases to have 
any inheritable qualities. 

Article IV.— Section I. 

Congress, in pursuance of the 
power here given to pass general 
laws on the subject, by an act of 
May 26. 1790, provided a mode by 
which records and judicial pro- 
ceedings should be authenticated ; 
namely, by the attestation of the 
clerk and the seal of the court an- 
nexed, together with a certificate 
of the judge, chief-justice or pre- 
siding magistrate, that the attesta- 
tion is in due form. 

Tlie consequences of not having 
some provision of this sort, would 
be that when a legal decision had 
been made in one State, it might be 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



75 



NOTES. 



necessary to repeat the same in 
every State to which tlie parties 
might go. 

Section II. — Clause 1, 
This clause prevents the States 
from giving unjust preference to 
their own citizens. 

In a Union composed of many 
States, great difficulties would arise 
if the citizens of one State were 
treated as aliens in all the other 
States. Intercourse and traffic be- 
tween the several States would be 
seriously embarrassed. 

Clause 3. 
When any of the territories of 
the United States become suffici- 
ently populous to elect a Represen- 
tative in Congress, they are erected 
into States and admitted into the 
Union on an equal footing with the 
original States. Congress not only 
has admitted new States into the 
Union by virtue of this clause, but 
it lias exercised the right to acquire 
additional territory by purchase, 
cession or grant. 

Article V. 
In his Farewell Address, George 
Washington declared that " the 
basis of our political systems is the 
right of the people to make and to 
alter their Constitutions of govern- 
ment. But the Constitution which 
at any time exists, till changed by 
an explicit and authentic act of the 
whole people, is sacredly obligatory 
upon all." 



The approval of the President 
has not been considered necessary 
to amendments to the Constitution. 

No. amendment, made prior to 
1808, could affect the first and 
fourth clauses in the Ninth Section 
of Article I. The first of these 
clauses relates to the importation 
of slaves, the other relates to the 
apportionment of taxes. 

No State, without its consent, 
shall be deprived of its equal suf- 
frage in the Senate. 

AiiTiCLE VI. — Clause 1. 

States are not discharged from 
their obligations by a change iu 
their form of government. 

Clause 2. 

Only those laws passed by Con- 
gress in pursuance of the Constitu- 
tion become the Supreme Law of 
the land. An act of Congress con- 
trary to the Constitution is no part 
of the Supreme Law, and it is the 
right of the Judiciary to declare it 
void. 

Article VII. 

Had the Constitution been rati- 
fied by no more than nine States, 
those nine States would have com- 
posed the Union. The remaining 
States would have been foreign 
powers. 

Rhode Island appointed no dele- 
gate. 



AMENDEMENTS AMEl^-DMEKTS 

A LA CONSTITUTION DES 1;:TATS-UNIS, RATIFIES RUIVANT "^^ '"'^ CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED 
LES DISPOSITIONS DE ^ARTICLE CINQ DE LA CONSTITU- STATES, RATIFIED accokding TO 
TION CI-UESSUS. THE PROVISIONS OF THE FIFTH AU- 

TICLE OF THE FOREGOING CONSTI- 
TUTION. 



Article I. — Le Congrcs ue fera ancnne loi con- Auticle I.— Congress shall make 

cernant retablissement d'niie religion, on en in- »o law respecting an establishment 

terdisant le libre exercice ; on restreignant la of religion or prohibiting the free 

, ^ exercise thereof; or abndtring the 

hberte de la parole, on de la presse ; on le droit freedom of speech, or of the press; 

dn peuple de s'asseinbler paisiblenient, et d'adres- or the right of the people peaceably 

ser des petitions an gonvernenient, ponr le redres- *» assemble, and to petition the 

senient de ses griefs. government for redress of griev- 



ances. 



Article II. — Una milice bien ordonnce etant Article II.— A well-regulated 

necessaire a la secitrite d'nn Etat libre, il ne sera militia, being necessary to the se- 

])oiiit einpiete snr le droit dn penple de garder et """"'^ ""^ ^ ^''""^ ^^^^^' "'"^ "^^'^ °^ 

, , 1 1 D ^jj^j people to keep and bear arms 

de poi'ter des amies. , ,, , , . , . , 

1 shall not be infringed. 

Article III. — Nnl soldat ne ponrra etre, en article III.— Xo soldiers shall, 

temps de paix, loge dans nne inaison sans le con- i» time of peace, be quartered in 

seiiteinent du proprietaire; ni en temps de gnerre, ^"•'' ''""'*'' ^'^hout the consent of 

P J , . . . . " , . the owner, nor in time of war, but 

saiir de la maniere qni sera prescnte par nne loi. . ^ , •, , , 

^ t" r in a manner to be prescribed by 

law. 
Article IV. — Le droit dn penple d'etre a Article IV.— Tlie right of the 

Tabri, dans sa personne, sa maison, ses papiers et people to be secure in their persons, 

ses etfets, de perqnisitions et de saisies deraison- ''''""''"' l'*'*!'*''"" ''^"^^ '^'^*^^*'' ^s*"'^^ 

,1 1 A, . ,, , , unreasonable searches and seizures, 

nables, ne devra pas etre viole, et nnl niandat , ,, , , • , , ^ a 

' A » shall not be violated, and no war- 

d'anet ne sera lance, sanf ponr nne cause plan- rants shall issue, but upon probable 

sible, appujee par serinent on affirmation, et do- cause, supported by oath or affirm- 



ZUSATZE 



NOTES. 



ZUR VERFASSUNG DKR YEREINIGTEN STAATEN, ANGENOMMEN 
UND BESTATIGT IN tJBEREINSTIMMUNG MIT DEM FiyNFTEN 
ARTIKEL DIESER CONSTITUTION. 



Aktikel I. — Der Congress soil keine Gesetze 
erlassen, vvelche irgend eine Religion nnd deren 
f leie Ansiibung betreffen ; oder welclie die Ilede- 
fieiheit und die Presse einschriinken ; oder welclie 
das Versamnilnngsrecht so wie die freie Ans- 
iibnno; des Rechtes zu Petitionen an die llegier- 
img znr Abliiilfe von Missstanden verhindern. 

Artikel II. — Da eine gut disciplinierte Miliz 
znr Siclierlieit eines freien Staates notwendig ist, 
so soil das Reclit des Volkes, Waffen zu tragen, 
niclit beeintrachtigt werden. 

Aktikel III. — Kein Soldat soil in Friedenszei- 
ten in einem Ilause olme die Zustimmung des 
Eigentiitners einquartiert werden und in Ivriegs- 
zeiten nur in einer voni Gesetz vorgescliriebenen 
Weise. 

Aktikel TV. — Das Recht der BUrger, in ilirer 
Person, ilirem Ilause, oder sonstigeui Eigentuni 
gegen ungereclitfertigte Durchsucliungen und Be- 
schlagnalimen gesichert zu sein, soil nicht ange- 
tastet werden und ein Yerliaftsbefehl kann nur 
erlassen werden in Folge guter Griinde, welclie 



The first Congress passed a re- 
solution on September 25, 1780, 
two-tliirds of both houses concur- 
ring, to propose twelve articles to 
the Legislatures of tlie States as 
Amendments to the Constitution. 
Ten of those articles, having been 
finally ratified by the Legislatures 
of three-fourths of the States, be- 
came amendments of the Consti- 
tution of the United States, on 
December 15th, 1791. 
Article I. 

This amendment does not confer 
the right to speak or publish mali- 
cious matter. Such publications 
are punishable by law. 

Petitions and memorials may be 
addressed to the Senate or House 
of Representatives by any person or 
any number of persons. 
Article II. 

Usurpers have commonly over- 
thrown the liberties of a country 
b}' disarming the people and main- 
taining an armed soldiery. 
Article IV. 

The privilege of a man's house 
extends only to liim and his family, 
and to his own proper goods, or to 
those which are there lawfully. 



78 AMENDMENTS. 

FRENnr. ENGLISn. 

crivant en detail le lieu a foiiiller, et les personnes -ition. and particularly describing 

on Choses a Saisir. ^"'^ I'^'"^^^ *« ^-^ searched, and tlK 

persons or things to be seized. 

Article V. — Xnl iie sera tenn responsablo Articxe v.— No person shall be 

l>onr \iM crime capital on infamant, si ce n'est snr ^'^^^ *° *"^^"" ^°'' ^ "'''P^^*^ "'^ 

, . .. 1 T ^ 11 1 otherwise infamous crime, unless 

Ja mise en accusation on le verdict d nn o^rand , . • j- * . , 

» on a presentment or indictment of 

jlirv, excepte dans les cas SUrvenant parnii les agrandjury, except in cases arising 

forces de terre ou de nici-, on dans la inilice, in the laud or naval forces, or in 
qnand elle est en service actif en temps de guerre *''*^ '"'^'^'*'^' "■''^" *" """^''''^ ^'''■''**"' 

, ,1 ) T i 1 • , ^ in time of war and public dancer; 

et de danorer public ; et nul ne sera siiiet, pour la , ,, > iT- . 

o 1 ^ ' _ _ , . "or shall any person be subject 

mcme offense, a etre mis deux fois en peril d'exis- for the same offence to be twice 

tence ou de mutilation; mil ne sera force, dans put in jeopardy of life or limb; 

(juelque cause criminelle quo ce soit, de temoiiiner "*^'" ^^'^^^ ^^ compelled m any crim- 
, . ^ . ., . , , " . inal case to be a witness against 

contre lui-meme, 111 ne pourra etre prive de sa vie, ,. ,„ ^ . j • i «v« 

' ^ 1 ' himself, nor to be deprived of life, 

de sa liberte, ou de ses biens, sans procedure legale liberty, or property, without due 

reguliere ; et nulle propriete particuliere ne pourra process of law ; nor shall private 

etre prise pour cause d'utilite publique, sans juste pi-^perty be taken for public use, 

,• without just compensation, 
compensation. •' * 

Article YI. — Dans toutes les poursuites an Article VI.— In all criminal 
criminel, I'accuse aura droit a un jugement prompt prosecutions, the accused shall en- 
et public, rendu par un jury impartial de I'Etat joy the right to a speedy and public 

,,.,.^,, . ,, ., , trial, by an impartial jurv of the 

ou du district ou le crime aura etc commis, lequel o. . j j- * • * i ■ *u «,;^« 

' i state and district wherein the crime 

district aura ete prcalablement determine par une shall have been committed, which 

loi ; et a etre informe de la nature et du motif de district .shall have been previously 

Taccusation ; a etre confronte avec les temoins a ascertained by law, and to be in- 

1 . • < 1 r 1 • 1 formed of the nature and cause of 

charoje : a recourir a la force pour produire les ,, ^. , , « » j 

, , , , A . / t"^ accusation ; to be confronted 

temoins a decharge ; et a etre assiste d'un de- ^jth the witnesses against liim ; to 

f enseiir. have compulsory process for obtain- 

ing witnesses in his favor, and to 
li.ave the assistance of counsel for 
his defence. 

Article VII. — Dans les proces de droit com- Article VII.— In suits at com- 
niun, quand la valeur en litige excedera vingt mon law, wiiere the value in con- 
dollars, le droit au juiiement par jury sera con- troversy sh.-dl exceed twenty dol- 
„ . . " , . " lars, the right of trial bv jury sh.il' 

serve, et aucun fait luife par un piry ne pourra , ' i „ i i ^ * ■ a u 

' J ^ 1 J J t be preserved, and no fact tried oy 

etre autrement examine a nouveau par ancune a jmy shall be otherwise re-exam 

COUr des EtatS-Unis, que d'apres les regies du ined in any court of the Unite' 
droit commun. 



AMENDMENTS. 79 

GERMAN. NOTES. 

durcli Eid bestjitigt. sein iiiiissen nnd welche den 
Ort so wic die betreffendeu Persouen oder Sachen 
genau kennzeichneii. 

Artikel V. — Nieinaiid soil wegen eines Article V. 

Capital- Oder geineinen Verbrechens vevurteilt A presentment or indictment of 

, • 1 , 1 1 T-» 1 I • /n a erand jury is necessary before a 

werden, wenn incht dnrch Bescliluss^ ernes Ge- ^^_.^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^ 

sclnvorei)engerichtes, ausgeiiomineii in Fallen, capital or otherwise infamous crime. 

welche die Land- nnd Seeniacllt oder die Miliz Cases arising in the land or naval 

in Kriegszeiten betreffen ; audi soil Nieinand forces are exempt from this mode 

, , , -r-r 1 -1 -VT- . of proceeding. They are tried by 

wecren desselben Vero;eliens zwennal znr Verant- ^ ^^ ... 

3 ^ ^. Courts-martial. 

wortung gezogen werden konnen ; audi soil Nie- ^ grand jury is a body of from 

niand in eineni Criminalfalle gezwnngen werden, twelve to twenty-four men chosen 

gegen sicli selbst auszusageii ; audi nidit seines ^^ ''^'^ry term of a court having 

T "T T-i- . ^ ' T7I M 'i. 1 criminal iurisdiction. In the State 

Lebens, Eio-entuins oder seiner I'reilieit onne ^ ^/ , * j i ., 

' i^ courts they are selected by the 

den iibliclien Reclitsgang beraubt werden ; audi ^j^^j.^g . j^ t^g Federal courts, by 

soil kein Privateigeutuin ohne passende Ent- the marshal. Their duty is to in- 

sdiiidigung flir offentliclie Zwed^e in Besitz ge- q"i'-« i»to all crimes committed 

1 within the iurisdiction of the court 

noinnien werden. . , . , ,, ^^ a- 

. in which they are attending. 

Artikel V L— In alien Cnininaltallen soil der ,j,j^g ^.^^.^^^^ ^^ t^^e grand jury are 

Angeklagte das Redlt ZU eineni scllleunigen Und private. They examine under oath 

offentlidien Verfaliren liabeii, vor eiiier unpartei- the party making the charge and 

• 1 T • 1 Oi. i 1 1 "o ^ ,*.,„ :„ his witnesses. They do not hear 

isdien Jury in dem btaate und der rrovmz in . . , ^ t^. , 

^ . anv witness m deience. It twelve 

wddien das Verbredien begangen worden ist ; of "the jurors believe that there is 

dieser District soil vorher durcli Gesetz festge- sufficient evidence of guilt, the ac- 

stellt und der Angeklagte iiber das Wesen und cused is put on trial in court before 

dieUrsad.e der Anklnge aufgeklart werden ; er a petit jury of twelve men. 

soil mit den Zeugen gegen ihn confrontiert wer- Article VI. 

den, es soil ilim die Besdiaffung von Zeugen zu The impartiality of the jury is 

seinen Gunsten gewalirt werden und er soil den ^"^ther secured by a right which 

, ^ . the prisoner has, by law, to clial- 

Beistand eines Advocaten zu seiner Verteidigung ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^.^^^ to such jurors as 

Laben. have formed and expressed an 

Artikel YII. — In ocenieinen Reclitsfallen, in opinion about his guilt, or are 
weldien das Streitobiect den Wert von zwanzig otherwise disqualified to sit as 

*^ ivirors. 
Dollar iibersteigt. soil das Reclit des Scliwurge- 

riclits erlialten werden ; und kein Fall, der durcli 
Jury entscliieden ist, soil von irgend einem Ge- 
riclitsliofe der Yereinigten Staaten in anderer 
Weise verliandelt werden, als in Ubereinstim- 



8Q AMENDMENTS. 



FKENCH. ENGLISn. 

States than according to the rules 
of the common law. 

Article YIII, — II iie sera point reqnis de can- Article VIII. —Excessive bail 

tion excessive, ni impose d'aniendes excessives, ni ^^^^^^ "'^*' ^« required, nor excessive 
.,,.,,,.. 1 ^ • • ' fines imposed, nor cruel and unu- 

intiige de chatwnents crnels et mnsites. ^^^^i punishments inflicted. 

Article IX. — L'enninoration de certains droits Article IX.— The enumeration 
dans la presente Constitution, ne pourra pas ctre "» the Constitution of certain rights, 

^ , , . 1 • • shall not be construed to deny or 

interpretee coninie une negation on nne dnnniu- disparage others retained by the 

tion d'autres droits retenns par le penple. people. 

Article X. — Les pouvoirs non delegues anx article X.— The powers not 

fitats-Unis par la Constitution, ni enleves par delegated to the United States by 

elle anx Etats, sont reserves aux divers Etats, ou "'" Constitution, nor prohibited by 

. it to the States, are reserved to the 

au penple. States respectively, or to the peo- 

ple. 

Article XL — Le poiivoir judiciaire des fitats- Article XL— The judicial pow- 

Unis ne sei-a pas interprcte connne s'etendant a ^^ °^ *^'*^ United states shall not 
1 .^ . •,' . be construed to extend to any suit 

aucun proces en droit ou en eqnitc, connnence ou . , .. , 

I _^ ^ ' in law or equity, commenced or 

poursuivi contre un des Etats-Unis par des citoj'- prosecuted against one of the Uni- 
ens d'nn autre Etat, ou par des citoyens ou sujets ted States by citizens of another 

dun etat etr'nioer State, or by citizens or subjects of 

any foreign state. 
Article XII. — Yoyez page 52. Article XII.— See page 53. 

Article XIII. — Section 1. Ni csclavasje, ni Article -Kill.— Section 1. Nei- 

servitude involontaire, sauf conune chatinient ^^'^"^ ^^'■^^'^ "«'" ^^^^ol^^tary ser- 

. , , ,^ vitude, except as a punishment for 

d un crime, dont la personne aura ete dument ^^.^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ t,,^ p^^^^,^ ,l,^„ 

convaincue, n'existera dans les limites des Etats- have been duly convicted, shall 
I'liis, ni dans aucun lieu sujet a leur juridiction. exist within the United States, or 

any place subject to their jurisdic- 
tion. 

Section 2. Le Congres aura le ponvoir d\assnrer s<'ction 2. Congress shall have 
Texecution de cet article par une legislation a cet power to enforce this article by ap- 
gffg|. • propriate legislation. 

Article XIV. — /S<?c/iV;i 1. Touteslespersonnes Article Xl\ .—Section 1. All 
nees ou natural isces aux Etats-Unis, et sujettes a persons bom or naturalized in the 

leur juridiction, sont citovens des Etats-Unis et ^'"^^'^ *^***^^' ''^"'^ ^"^'J^''* *° ^''« 

^ , ' ' jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of 

de 1 Etat ou elles resident. Aucun Etat ne pourra ^^^^ united States and of the state 

fuire ni appliquer de loi restreignant les privi- wherein they reside. No State 



AMENDMENTS. 81 

GERMAN. NOTES. 

iming mit den Yorschriften des gemeinen Recli- 
tes. 

Aktikel VIIL— tiberniassige Biirgscliaft soil AuTiciji Vlll. 

iiiclit verlangt vverden ; anch keiiie iibermassigen This article is an exact copy of a 
Strafen erkannt, so wie keine grausamen und un- dausein the Bill of Rights, adopted 

■ i T 1 T, J. r 1 ■• i. J in Eimlaiid durins; the Revolution 

o;evvohnliclien lJestraiinio;en verliai)o;t werden. ^ -.^Jo 

^ ^ , '^ '^ of looo. 

Artikel IX. — Die Ervvalinung gewisser Recli- 

te in dieser Constitution soil niclit ausgelegt wer- 
den konnen, um andere Rechte dev Biirger zu 
beeintrachtigen. 

Artikel X. — Die Staatsgewalten welclie diirch 
die Constitution den Vereinigten Staaten niclit 
zuerkannt und den einzelnen Staaten niclit ver- 
weigert werden, sollen den betreffenden Staaten, 
so wie den Biirgern reservieil bleiben. 

Artikel XL— Die Gericlitsbarkeit der Yer- Artici.k XL 

einigten Staaten soil sicli nicht auf irgend einen This amendment was proposed 

Pi-ocess erstrecken, welclier gegen einen der Staa- ""^ *''*^ first session of the third Con- 

,».. . , Oi . 1 cress, March Hth, 1794, and was 

ten von Iiaro;ern emes anderen Staates, oder von -, , , . ^ ., 

® , ' ^ decliired. in a message from the 

Biirgern oder Unterthanen eines fremden Staates president of the United States to 

angestrengt WOrden ist. both Houses of Congress, dated 

Artikel XIL-Suhe Seite 52. -^"""'"^^■•y ,^'\ ^^•^^' .'° .^^''^"^ ^*^^" 

adopted by the constitutional num- 
ArtIKEL Xlir. — Section 1. In den Yereinigten ber of States. It tlien became a 
Staaten oder an irgend einein Orte, w^elclier un- V^^'^ of the Constitution. 
ter deren Gericlitsbarkeit stelit, soil Sclaverei Akticle XIII. 

oder gezwungener Dienst niclit bestehen, ausge- This amendment was ratified 
nonimen als Strafe fiir Yerbreclien, wegen deren December I8th, 1865, which is the 

1 -r> J. rr 1 1 i ■• • i -tT 1 date of the entire abolition of Sla- 

cler ±>etreiienae reclitniassior vei-urteilt worden ^, i m tt •* i a. . 

=> very throughout the United states. 

ist. 

Section 2. Der Congress soil die Befugniss ha- 
ben, diesen Artikel durcli angeniessene Gesetz- 
gebung zu erzwingen. 

Artikel XIY. — Section 1. Alle Personen, wel- Article XIV. 

die in den Yereinigten Staaten geboren oder dort This amendment became a part 
naturalisiert sind, sind Biirger der Yereinigten of the Constitution, July 21st, 1868. 
Staaten und des Staates in welclieni sie wolinen. 
Kein Staat soil Gesetze erlassen und erzwiniren. 



82 AMENDMENTS. 

FllKNCIT. ENGLISH, 

leges OU iinnilUUtes <le citovens des fitatS-TInis;' shall make or enforce any law 

et ancun Etat no i-uiuni priver qui que ce suit winch shall abridge the privileges 

. , , . 1 or immunities of citizens of the 

.le sa vie, de sa hboiTe on de ses bieilS, sans la united states ; nor shall any State 

juste intervention de la procedui-e legale, ni re- deprive any person of life, liberty, 

fiiser a qui (jue ce soit, dans les liinites de sa or property, without due process of 

inridietion, I'egale protection des lois. l'"^^' "°'" 'i'^"^' ^^ ^"-^' i^«'-^«» ^^'^l"" 

its jurisdiction the ei^ual protection 
of the laws. 

Section 2. 11 sera nomme des RepresentantS Section 2. Representatives shall 

panni les divers Etats, d'apres le noinbre de leurs ^^ appointed among the several 

, , ., ^ , ./. i. i. 1 1 i. i 1 States according to their respective 

habitants respectits, en comptant le nonibre total , f. ^, , / 

>■ i , 1 • 1 numbers, counting the whole nnm- 

des personnes dans chaqne Etat, a rexclnsion des bar of persons in each State exclud- 

Jndiens non imposes. Mais lorsque le droit de ing Indians not taxed. But when 

voter a nne election qiielconqne pour le cboix the right to vote at any election for 

, fii ^ 1 1^ ' • 3 i. i. 1 'XT' T> ' 'J 4. the choice of Electors for President 

des Electenrs du President et du Vice-rresident , ^^. ^ . , . ^ ., tt ■. , 

, and Vice-Fresident or the United 

des EtatS-Unis, des RepresentantS auCongres,des states, Representatives in Congress, 

fuiictionnaires executifs ou judiciaires d'un Etat, the executive or judicial officers of a 

on des inenibres de la Legislatui-e d'un Etat, sera State, or the members of the Legis- 

,. , . 1 1 1 •, , ^ Ai 1 , i"^, . A , lature thereof, is denied to any of 

refuse a des habitants males de cet Etat, ages ^, , • i i •. * « i o/. 

" the male inhabitants of such State, 

de vingt-et-un ans et citoyens des Etats-Unis, ou being twenty-one years of age and 

restreint ])our line raison quelconqne excepte pour citizens of the United states, or in 

iiarticipation a line rebellion ou a iin autre crime, ^"^ ^^'^^ abridged except for parti- 

, , . . ' , ,• 1 IT. tV,^ i cii)ation in rebellion or other crime. 

la base de la representation dans le dit Etat sera ., , • ^ * ♦• *i • 

r the basis of representation therein 

reduite en proportion du rapport entre le nombre shall be reduced in the proportion 

des dits citoyens males et le nonibre total des which the number of such male 

citovens males ages de vingt-et-un ans dans le dit <='"^ens shall bear to the whole 

-A * number of male citizens twenty-one 

years of age in such State. 



Section 3. Xiil ne pourra etre Senateur ou Re- Section 3. No person shall be a 
presentant an Congres, ou Electeur pour le Presi- Senator or Representative in Con- 
dent ou le Vice-President, ni occuiier iin emploi P'^^^' «»• Elector of President or 
, ... .!• • ^^ • ' 1 Vice-President, or hold anv office, 
quelconqne, civil ou imlltaire, sous 1 autorite des eivil or military, under the'United 

fitats-Unis, ou d'un Etat quelconqne, si, apres states, or under any state, who, 

avoir prete serment romme membre du Congres, having previously taken an oath as 

oucommefonctionnaiie des Etats-Unis, oucomme ^ "i»^'»ber of Congress, or as an 

-_ , . , ,,^ „ officer of the United States, or as a 

membre d nne Legislature d Etat, ou comme fonc- ^^^-^^^ ^^ ^^^^. ^^^^^ Legislature, 

tioimaire execntil" on judiciaire d'un Etat, de sou- or as an executiveor judicial officer 



AMENDMENTS. 83 

GERMAN. NOTES. 

welclie die Yorrechte unci Frivilegien von Blir- 
geni der Vereinigteii Staaten verkiirzen ; audi 
soil Iceiii Staat Jemanden an Lebeii, Freiheit und 
Eiorentuin oline anoremesseues Gerichtsverfahren 
strafen ; audi Niemandem iiinerhalb seiner Ge- 
richtsbarkeit den Schutz der Gesetze verweigern. 

Section 2. Abgeordnete sollen von den ver- 
seliiedenen Staaten ini Verlialtniss zu der be- 
treffenden Einwolinerzahl ervvahlt werden, indein 
die Gesammtzahl der Einwohner, ausscbliesslieh 
der niclit besteuerten Indianer, zu Grunde gelegt 
wird. Aber wenn das Iledit bei einer Walil zur 
Ernennung von Wahlern fiir Priisident und Vice- 
Prasident der Yereinigten Staaten, Congressmit- 
glieder, offentlidie oder geriditlidie Beamte eines 
Staates, oder Mitglieder der gesetzgebenden Ver- 
sanimluno; ii-o-end welchen der niannlidien Ein- 
wohner seiches Staates, weldier einundzwanzig 
Jalir alt und Biirger der Vereinigten Staaten ist, 
verweigert oder in irgend einer Weise verkiirzt 
wird, ansgenommen wegen Teilnalime an Aufruhr 
oder auderen Verbredien, so soil die Anzahl der 
Abgeordneten in demselben Verhaltnisse, in vvel- 
cliem die Zahl soldier mannlidier Einwohner 
zur ganzen Zahl der im Alter von einundzwanzig 
Jahren in dein betreffenden Staate sich beiinden- 
den steht, verringert werden. 

Section 3. Nieniand soil Senator oder Congress- 
initglied, oder Wahlmann fiir Prasident oder 
Vice-Prasident werden konnen, oder ein Civil- 
oder militarisdies Anit unter den Vereinigten 
Staaten, oder einem einzelnen Staate bekleiden 
konnen, weldier, nachdem er den Eid als Con- 
gressmitglied, Beaniter der Vei'einigten Staaten, 
als Mitglied einer Staatslegislatnr, oder als offent- 
liclier oder geriditlidier Beainter eines Staates, 



84 AMENDMENTS. 

KKKXCII. ENGLISH. 

teiiir la Constitution des Etats-Unis, il a pris part of a»y State, to support tlie Consti- 

'1 ir t. ^ tution of the United States, sliall 

II une insurrection on a une rebellion eontre Jes , , . . 

^ have engaged m insurrection or 

(lits Etats, on (ionn6 aide et protection anx enne- rebellion ;igaiust the same, or given 

mis des ditS EtatS. Mais le Congres pourra, par aid or comfort to tlie enemies tliere- 

nn vote des deux tiers de chaque clianibre, ecarter «f- »"* Congress may, by a vote 

,, • .. ' of two-thirds of each house, remove 

cette mcapacite. , ,. , .,. 

^ such disability. 

Section 4. La validite de la dette pnbliqne des Section 4. The validity of the 

^tats-Unis, antorisee par la loi, y conipris les P"^'>« ^""^^ °^ *^»« ^'^^^^ ^t'^''^''' 

, , 1 • T • authorized by law, including debts 

dettes contractees pour le paienient de pensions .^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^.^^^^^ ^^ p^^^^j^,,^ 
et de primes d'eno;;igement pour services rendus and bounties for services in sup- 
dans la suppression d'uno in.suri'ection on rebellion pressing insurrection or rebellion, 

eontre les Etats-Unis, no sera pas mise en qnes- sl'aH "ot be questioned. But nei- 

Vr • • 1 T> f • • -is^ ^ ther the United States nor any SUite 

tion. Mais ni les Etats- 1 nis in aucun Etat ne , ,, ; , ^ 

shall assume or pay any debt or 

pourra assumer on paver une dette ou obligation obligation incurred in aid of insnr- 

quelconque contractce pour venir en aide a Tin- rection or rebellion against the 

surrection ou a la iv])ellion eontre les Etats-Unis, United States, or any claim for the 

, , . .^ 1 i^ 1? ' loss or emancipation of any slave; 

III reclanier (luoi one ce soit pour la perte ou 1 e- , ,, , '^ ... ,. ' 

^ ^ ' ' ' . but all such debts, obligations, and 

mancipation (Tun esciave <|uelconque ; mais tontes claims shall be held illegal and 

dettes de ce genre, obligations et reclamations, void, 
seront tenues pour illcgales, nuUes et non ave- 
nues. 

Section 5. Le C^ongr«''s aura le ]>ouvoir de faire Section 5. Congre.ss shall have 

exccuter, par legislation appropi-iee, les disposi- V^"^^^ to enforce, by appropriate 

, , ^ .^- 1 lesrislation, the provisions of this 

tioiis (In i>rcseiit article. ^^. , 

' article. 

AurrcLK XV. — Section \. Le droit des citov- Akticle XV.— Section 1. The 

ens des Ktats-Unis de vote, ne pourra etre refuse "fe'l'ts of citizens of the United 

- • ,. 1 -gi. i. TT • • 1>i. 1. States to vote shall not be denied 

ni restremt i»ar les Etats-Unis, ni iiar nn Etat , , ,x . ■■ „ 

' or abridged by the United States, 

quelconqne, pour cause de race, Couleur, on con- or by any state, on account of race, 

(lit ion prcalable de servitude. color, or previous condition of ser- 
vitude. 

Section 2. Le ('ongres aura le ponvoir d'assnrer Section 2. Congre.ss shall have 

Texecution du present article par une legislation power to enforce this article by ap. 

i ont. f.flfeL piopriate legislation. 



AMEIsDMENTS. 85 

GERMAN, XOTE8. 

geleistet liat, die Vei-fassuiig der Yereinigten 
Staateu aufreeht zu erlialteii, sich an Aufruhr 
uiid Rebellion gegen dieselben beteiligt oder den 
Feinden derselben lliilfe und Beistand geleistet 
hat. Jedoc'h kann der Congress durcli das Votuni 
von zwei Diitteln jedes llauses solche Unfahig- 
keit beseitigen. 

Section 4. Die Reciitsgiiltigkeit der offent- 
lichen Schuld der Yereinigten Staaten, welche 
durch Gesetz festgestellt ist, einschliesslich der 
Yerpflichtnngen, welche fiir Zahhuigen an Pen- 
sionen und Praniien fur Dienste in Unterdriick 
ung von Aufruhr und Rebellion eingegangen 
sind, soil nicht in Frage gestellt werden. Aber 
weder die Yereinigten Staaten noch ein einzelner 
Staat sollen Schulden oder Yei-pliichtungen an- 
erkennen, oder bezahlen, welche zur Beihiilfe an 
Aufruhr und Rebellion gegen die Yereinigten 
Staaten oder flir irgend einen Ansprueli w^egen 
Yerlust oder Befreiung eines Sclaven eingegan- 
gen sind; und sollen alle solche Schulden, Yer- 
pflichtnngen und Anspruche fur ungesetzmassig 
und nichtig erklilrt werden. 

Section 5. Der Congress soil die Macht haben, 
durch angemessene Gesetzgebung die Ansfiilir- 
ung dieses Artikeis zu erzwingen. 

Artikel XY. — Section 1. Das Stimmrecht der Article XV. 

Biiro-er der Yereinigten Staaten soil weder durch This amendment was ratfitd 
die Re«'-ieruno- der Yereinigten Staaten noch eines March oOth, 1870. 
einzelnen Staates verkiirzt, oder erschwert wer- 
den, wegen Race, Farbe oder friiherer Kneclit- 
schaft. 

Section 2. Der Congress soil die Macht haben, 
die Durchfiihrung dieses Artikeis durch ange- 
messene Gesetzgebung zu erzwingen. 



APPENDIX. 



Table A. 
The rank of the States in population, iu 1790, was as follows: 



1 . Virginia. 

2. Massachusetts. 

3. Pennsylvania. 

4. North Carolina. 



5. New York. 

6. Maryland. 

7. South Carolina. 

8. Connecticut. 

17. 



9. New Jersey. 

10. New Hampshire. 

11. Maine. 
l;i. Vermont. 

Tennessee. 



13. Georgia. 

14. Kentucky. 

15. Rhode Island. 
10. Delaware. 



In 1880, the rank and the apportionment of Representatives was as follows; 



1. New York 84 

a. Pennsylvania .... 28 

3. Ohio 21 

4. Illinois 20 

5. Missouri 14 

6. Indiana 13 

7. Massachusetts... 13 

8. Kentucky 11 

9. Michigan 11 

10. Iowa 11 



11. Texas 11 

12. Tennessee 10 

13. Georgia 10 

14. Virginia 10 

1.5. North CaroHna . 9 
IH. Wisconsin 9 

17. Alabama 8 

18. Mississippi 7 

19. New Jersey 7 • 

SiO. E[B,nsas 7 



21. South Carolina . . 7 

22. Louisiana (J 

2:i. Maryland (i 

24. California 6 

25. Arkansas 5 

20. Minnesota .") 

27. Maine 4 

28. Connecticut 4 

29. West Virginia... 4 

30. Nebraska o 



31. New Hampshire.. 2 

32. Vermont 2 

33. Rhode Island 2 

34. Florida 2 

35. Colorado ... 1 

3(i. Oregon 1 

37. Delaware 1 

38. Nevada 1 



Table B. 



Q UAUFICATIONS. 



Representative 

Senator , 

President 

Vice-President 




How long a citizen.' Must be an inhabitant. 



7 years. 

9 years. 
Natural born. 
Natural born. 



When and where elected. 
When and where elected. 
14 years in United States. 
] 4 years in United States. 



Table C. 
List of the Presidents and Vice-Presidents. 



No. 


President. 


State. 


Term of office. 


By whom 
elected. 


, Vice-Presidents. 


1. 
2. 

.3. 

4. 

5. 
(i. 

8. 
9 


George Washington . . . 
John Adams 

Thomas Jefferson 

James Madison 

James Monroe 

John Quincy Adams.. 

Andrew Jackson 

Martin Van Buren .... 
William H. Harrison.. 

John Tyler 

James K. Polk 

Zachary Taylor 

Millard Fillmore 

Franklin Pierce 

James Buchanan 

Abraham Lincoln 

Andrew Johnson 

Ulysses S. Grant 

Rutherford B. Hayes.. 

James A. Garfield 

Chester A. Arthur 

G rover Cleveland 

Benjamin Uarrison . . . 


Virginia 

Massachusetts. . . 

Virginia 

Virginia 

Virginia 

Massachusetts. . . 

Teimessee 

New York 

Ohio 


Two terms; 1789-1797 

One term; 1797-18U1 

Two terms; 1801-1809 

Two terms; 1801M817 

Two terms; 1817-1825 

One term ; 1825-1829 

Two terms ; 1829-1S:;7 

One term ; 1837-1841 

One month ; 1841 


Whole people. 
Federalists.. . 

Rcpiiblicans.. 

Republicans. . 

All parties . . . 
House of Rep. 

Democrats . . . 

Deraocrflts . . . 

Whigs 

Whigs 

Democrats . . . 

Whigs 

Whigs 

Democrats . . . 
Democrats . . . 

Republicans.. 

Republicans. . 

Republicans. . 

Republicans.. 
Republicans.. 

Republicans.. 
Democrats . . 
Republicans. . 


John .\dams. 

Thomas Jeflfcrson. 
j Aaron Burr. 
) George Clinton, 
j George Clinton. 
1 Elbridge Gerry. 

Danie! D. Tompkins. 

John C. Calhnun. 
( John C. Calhoun. 
"( .Martin Van Buren. 

Hichiird M. Johnson. 

John Tyler. 

George M. Dallas. 
Millard Fillmore. 

William R. King. 

J. C. Breckinriiige. 

1 Hannibal Hamlin. 


10. 
11. 
12. 

la. 

14. 
15. 

16 


Virginia 

Ti'nnessee 

Louisiana 

New York 

New Hampshire. 
Pennsylvania .. . 

Illinois 


3 years 11 months : 1841-1845. 
One term ; 1845-1849 

1 vear 4 months; 1849-1850. . 

2 years 8 months : 1850-1853. 

One term ; 1K");+-1S57 

One term : 1857-lWil 

One term, 1 month; 1861-1865. 

3 years 11 months; 1865-1809. 

Two terms; 18()9-1S77 

One term ; 1877-1881 

6 months 15 days ; 1881 

3 years 5 months 15 days ; 
1881-1885 


17. 
18. 
19 


Tennessee 

Illinois 

Ohio 


1 Andrew Johnson. 

( Schuyler Colfax. 
'( Henry Wilson. 
William A. Wheeler. 


20. 
21. 


Ohio 

New York 

New York 

Indiana 


Chester A. Arthur. 


9? 


One term. 1885-1889 


Thomas A. Hendricks, 


2:j. 




Levi P. Morton. 



APPENDIX. 



TABLE D. 

Hiatorinal Tabic of the United /States and Territo- 
ries, showing the date of ornanizaiion of Terri- 
tories and the date of admission of new IStates 
into the Union. 



Civil Divisions. 



THIRTEEN ORIGINAL 

STATES. 



New Hampshire 
Massachusetts . . 
Rhode Island . . . 

Connecticut 

New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania . . . 

Delaware 

Maryland 

Virginia 

North Carolina . 
South Carolina. . 
Georgia 



STATES ADMITTED. 



Kentucky 

Vermont 

Tennessee 

Maine 

Texas 

West Virginia . 



PUBLIC-LAND STATES 
AND TERRITORIES. 



States. 



Ohio 

Louisiana 

Indiana 

Mississippi 

Illinois 

Alabama 

Mis-souri 

Arkansas 

Michigan 

Florida 

Iowa 

Wisconsin 

California 

Minnesota . . . . 

Oregon 

Kansas 

Nevada 

Nebraska 

Colorado 



Territories. 



Wyoming 

New Mexico 

Utah 

Wasliington 

Dakota 

Arizona 

Idaho 

Montana 

Alaska 

Indian Territory 

District of Columbia. . . \ 



Act 
organizing 
Territory. 



March 3, 
May 7, 
April 7, 
Feb. :}, 
March 3, 
June 4, 
March 2, 
Jan. 11. 
March 30, 
June 13, 
April 20, 



180.5 
ISOO 

iTiiy 

1809 
1817 
1812 
1819 
1S0.5 
1822 
1838 
1836 



March 3, 1849 
Aug. 14, 1848 
May 30, 18.54 
March 2, 18K1 
May 30. 1854 
Feb. 28, 18tjl 



Act 
admitting 

State. 



July 2.5, 
Sept. 9, 
Sept. 9, 
March 2, 
March 2, 
Feb. 24, 
March 3, 
May 26. 
July 27, 



1868 
1850 
18.50 
1853 
1861 
1863 
1863 
1864 
1868 



July 16, 1790 
March 3, 1791 



Feb. 4. 1791 
Feb. IS, 1791 
June 1, 1796 
March 3, 1820 
Dec. 29, 1845 
Dec. 31, 1862 



April 30, 
April 8, 
Dec. 11, 
Dec. 10, 
Dec. 3. 
Dec. 14, 
March 2, 
June 15, 
Jan. 26, 
March 3, 
March 3, 
March 3, 
Sept. 9, 
Feb, 26, 
Feb. 14, 
Jan. 29. 
March 21, 
Feb. 9, 
March 3, 



1802 
1812 
1816 
1817 
1818 
1819 
1821 
1836 
1837 
1845 
1845 
1847 
1850 
1857 
1859 
1861 
1864 
1867 
1875 



TABLE E. 

Number of Slaves. 

1790 <''i>'!',6»7 

1800 893,041 

1810 1,191,364 

1820 1,538.022 

1830 2,009,043 

1840 2,487.455 

1850.' 3,204,313 

1860 3,953,760 



Abolition of Slavery. 

Maine (part of Massachusetts), 1780. 

Vermont, 1777. 

Massach 11 .setts, 1780. 

Rhode Island. . j ^ . ^^j,^, abolition, having a few in 1S40. 

Connecticut . . . ( 

New York, gradual, commencing 1799. Abolition entire 

in 1827. 
New Jersey, gradual, 1804. In 1850 had 236. 
Pennsylvania, gradual, 1780. In 1840 had 64. 



Maine. New H.anipshire. Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michi- 
gan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota. Kansas, Colorado, Ne- 
braska, California and Oregon never legalized Slavery. 

The Slave States, in 1860, were Delaware, Maryland, 
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Flor- 
ida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Kentucky, 
Tennessee, Missouri and Arkansas. West Virginia was sep- 
arated from Virginia in 1862. 

Slavery was abolished in the District of Columbia, April 
11, 1862, $1,000,000 being appropriated for compensation. 

Slaves of Secession-masters were emancipated Jar.unry 
1, 1863. as the effect of President Lincoln's proclamation 
of September 22, 1862. 

December 18, 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment to the 
Constitution was ratified by the required miijority of 
States, and from that date Slavery was abolished through- 
out the United States. 



H 33 89 '■ 



4 




'k. 



